HLTH 230 Study Guide - Basal Metabolic Rate, Lean Body Mass, Weight Loss

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24 Dec 2012

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Excess protein, excess carbohydrates, excess fat, and excess alcohol can lead to increased body fat: energy goes up and down throughout the day. Individuals are constantly burning energy, even at rest. When the energy we refuel does not equal the energy expended, weight will change: if food intake is 3500 kcal greater than expenditure, we will gain 1 pound of fat. Healthy weight adult has energy stores between 50,000 and. 200,000 kcal: only 1500-200 kcal from glycogen, in liver and muscle. If calories are less, regardless of what you eat, you will lose weight: 1 kcal = 4. 184 joules, energy needed to burn 1 kcal, energy that increases 1g of water by 1 degree. A fast change in body weight is not a change in body fat: lose 1 litre of water, lose 2 pounds, glycogen is hydrophilic, holds on to water. Change in the amount of fluid in the body is responsible for rapid weight change.

Related Questions

Identify the correct statement regarding metabolism.

	A.	Excess carbohydrates in the diet can be converted into amino acids by the body.
	B.	Excess amino acids can be converted into body fat.
	C.	Excess carbohydrates can be stored as glycogen but cannot be converted into body fat.
	D.	Excess alcohol intake cannot be converted to and stored as body fat.

Keo and Subi ate lunch together. Keo had a roast beef sandwich (30 g PRO, 50 g CHO, 20 g FAT), whereas Subi had a chicken breast sandwich (25 g PRO, 45 g CHO, 25 g FAT). Who ingested more kilocalories, assuming each ate nothing but a sandwich?

	A.	They ingested nearly equal amounts of kilocalories.
	B.	Keo ate far more kilocalories than Subi.
	C.	There are insufficient data to answer the question.
	D.	Subi ate far more kilocalories than Keo.

Production of energy from the absorbed components of protein, fat, and carbohydrate occurs primarily in which part of the cell?

	A.	selectively-permeable membrane
	B.	cytoplasm or cytosol
	C.	mitochondrion
	D.	fat droplet

byzantiumfrog217

Question 2

The DSM-IV describes an "Eating Disorder Not OtherwiseSpecified" as:

self-starvation that leads to severe nutrient deficiencies

compulsive eating disorder

a variety of atypical eating behaviors used to maintain or lowerbody weight

recurrent episodes of extreme overeating followed byself-induced vomiting

Question 3

The nutrition paradox refers to:

coexistance of underweight and obesity in the same region

too mucn vitamin A in foods rich in vitamin C

poor countries that have excessive rates of obesity

obese children from nonobese parents

Question 4

Which of the following represents a nutrition transition?

decreased reliance on carbohydrates

increased consumption of sugar

increased availibility of maize over corn

lower-fat subsistence crops

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT part of the GOBI initiative?

breast-feeding

obesity control

immunization

growth monitoring

Question 6

Which of the following is a response to the drawbacks of theGreen Revolution?

WIC

high yield varities of grains

sustainable agriculture

biotechnology

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Question 70.5 pts

Worldwide, the major cause of undernutrition is:

unequal distribution of food

diseases (like AIDS)

poor farming practices

overpopulation

Question 8

Which agency monitors all confirmed causes of food-borneillness?

EPA

FDA

CDC

USDA

Question 9

In which of the following environments does Clostridiumbotulinum flourish?

acidic

alkaline

<40 degrees F

> 140 degrees F

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of food intoxication?

Norwalk virus

Salmonella

hepatitis A

Clostridium botulinum

Question 11

All of the following describe characteristics of the femaleathlete triad EXCEPT

menstrual dysfunction

disordered eating

hypertension

osteoporosis

Question 12

Impulsive, low self-esteem, seeks attention, extroverted, anderratic describe personality traits of:

bulemia nervosa

binge-eating disorder

obesity

anorexia nervosa

Question 13

Obsessive-compulsive, perfectionism, socially inhibited,compliant, and emotionally restrained describe personality traiatsof

binge-eating disorder

anorexia nervosa

bulimia nervosa

obesity

Question 14

The Institute of Medicine recommends a minimum of ________minutes of physical activity each day for adults.

Question 15

Regular exercise reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes by all butwhich of the following?

decreases the cellular uptake of blood glucose

delays the onset of complications of type 2 diabetes

increases control of blood glucose

enhances the action of insulin

Question 16

What is meant by the overload principle?

stretching a muscle group beyond the joint's healthy range ofmotion

improving fitness by placing extra physical demand on thebody

complete depletion of the body's glycogen

subjecting the body to inappropriately high stress

Question 17

The acronym FIT stands for:

fatigue, intensity, and training.

flexibility, increase, and training.

fitness, increase, and time.

frequency, intensity, and time.

Question 18

To achieve cardiorespiratory fitness it is recommended thattraining should occur ________.

3-5 days a week

daily

more than 5 days a week

2-3 days a week

Question 19

To achieve and maintain physical fitness, exercise intensityshould be ________ of the maximal heart rate.

35-50%

15-25%

25-30%

50-80%

Question 20

In which of the following types of exercise would CP (creatinephosphate) be an important source of energy?

biking up a mountain

sprinting in the 100-meter race

running a 10-kilometer road race

playing in a football game

Question 21

Which is NOT an advantage of aerobic metabolism over anaerobicmetabolism?

Much more energy is produced for every fuel molecule.

Aerobic metabolism acts more quickly.

Harmful metabolites do not accumulate as quickly.

A greater fuel supply is available.

Question 22

An unwanted effect of an overly vigorous warm-up is:

increased muscle temperature.

glycogen depletion.

increased body temperature.

reduced stress levels.

Question 23

Each day Bill power-walks for 45 minutes. Which fuel source(s)provide(s) energy during this activity?

amino acids

glucose

fatty acids

fatty acids and glucose

Question 24

The main disadvantage of using fat as a fuel is:

the body's limited storage capability.

its low energy density.

its slow metabolic breakdown.

the limitation of anaerobic metabolism.

Question 25

Joseph plays basketball for his high school team and he isconcerned that he is not consuming enough kilocalories to supporthis activity. Which of the following would be the best indicatorthat he is not consuming adequate kilocalories?

His hemoglobin is low.

His blood glucose levels are low.

His performance has been impaired.

He is losing weight.

Question 26

Rachel is a gymnast who trains 2 hours/day on average. Shesupports her daily activity by consuming 2,500 kilocalories perday. How many kilocalories should she be consuming fromcarbohydrate sources?

1,500-1,625 kilocalories

1,125-1,300 kilocalories

1,300-1,500 kilocalories

1,625-1,750 kilocalories

Question 27

The best time to replenish glycogen stores is:

the day after exercising.

a few hours before exercising.

the day before exercising.

right after exercising.

Question 28

In which of the following events would carbohydrate loading bethe most beneficial?

cross country skiing

baseball game

weight lifting

100-yard dash

Question 29

Osteoporosis, eating disorders, dehydration, and heat illnessare all possible consequences of:

the Zone diet.

carbohydrate loading.

inadequate dietary intake.

overtraining.

Question 30

Which of the following is the most potentially harmful?

heat syncope

heatstroke

heat cramps

heat exhaustion

Question 31

Which of the following athletes would be LEAST likely to developiron deficiency anemia?

a female marathon runner

a male basketball player who is a vegan

a female gymnast

a male distance swimmer

Question 32

Amenorrhea, sometimes seen in female athletes, is:

the onset of menstruation.

osteoporosis.

the loss of the menstrual cycle.

frequent diarrhea.

Question 33

Some athletes believe that caffeine can enhance athleticperformance because it has been shown to:

increase the transport of amino acids to exercising muscle.

increase muscle flexibility and strength.

increase the use of fatty acids as a fuel source.

regenerate ATP for energy.

Question 34

Which of the following ergogenic aids has been shown to enhanceshort-term exercise and resistance training?

chromium picolinate

creatine

carnatine

ephedrine

Question 35

Consuming processed foods as opposed to whole foods decreasesthe risk of contracting a food-borne illness.

True

False

Question 36

Regular physical activity can increase HDL-cholesterol.

True

False

Question 37

Nearly 1 in 6 American adults reports getting no physicalactivity at all.

True

False

Question 38

Lactic acid is a by-product of high-intensity exercise.

True

False

Question 39

Training can enhance the ability to store glycogen.

True

False

Question 40

The primary fuel source utilized in both anaerobic and aerobicexercise is protein (amino acids).

True

False

Question 41

Studies suggest that athletes need to consume more than 2grams/kg of protein each day to maintain muscle strength.

True

False

Question 420.5 pts

Refigerating or freezing foods will kill any bacteria present inthe food.

True

False

Question 43

Most athletes do not consume enough protein to support theiradded physical activity.

True

False

Question 44

Thirst is a very reliable indicator of dehydration.

True

False

Food that we consume is composed of very complex molecules. During the digestive process these compounds are broken down into smaller and smaller subunits in preparation for use by the body as building blocks needed for the many components of the human body.

The digestion process begins at the mouth. Food enters and then accessory digestive organs like the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands break down the substance. It then travels through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where the stomach acid further breaks down the food (UXL Complete Health Resource). After that, the food travels through the small and large intestines where a majority of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste then exits through the end of the large intestine which is made up of the rectum and anus. After the teeth assist in chewing, food rolls over the tongue and reaches stomach through the esophagus within 8 seconds. General Tsoâs Chicken and Rice consist of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. However, carbohydrates are digested easily than the fats and proteins. After broken down in the stomach, most of the nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine, and it takes 6 to 8 hours to pass through small intestine. The remaining unabsorbed material, âmoves very slowly through the large intestine where the final absorption of water and other nutrients take placeâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). The parasympathetic nervous system encourages the food to move through the digestive tract and motivates digestion process. The sympathetic nervous system works against the parasympathetic nervous system by decreasing the contraction and relaxation of the digestive tract (Taylor). Mouth produces saliva, which contains amylase. Amylase is key in digesting carbohydrates. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus (Taylor). Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria and other organisms that enter the stomach, and then continues to activate pepsinogen. Pepsinogen then changes into pepsin, which digests protein peptides. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases digest proteins, whereas lipases, phospholipases digest lipid molecules. Small intestine produces lactase, sucrase, maltase, lipases, and peptidases. Lactase, sucrase, and maltase digest carbohydrates (UXL Complete Health Resource). Saliva glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are the accessory organs of the digestive process. Saliva glands produce mucus and amylase which digests starch into simple sugars and binds food particles together, while lubricating the palette when one swallows. The pancreas produces amylase, lipases, and proteinases etc. These digestive juices are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The liver is the largest gland in the body, âIt produces bile salts to emulsify lipids. It detoxifies metabolic end products to protect the bodyâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). Gallbladder stores bile juice. The chicken in the General Tsoâs contains proteins. Proteins cannot be digested in mouth. However, the mouth can physically digest chicken into smaller pieces. These partially digested chicken pieces travel to stomach, where it is digested by pepsin. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases (UXL Complete Health Resource). The chicken is then digested by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases in the duodenum of the small intestine. After the complete digestion, the chickenâs proteins change into amino acids, which are then absorbed into blood. The rice of the General Tsoâs is a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are partially digested inside the mouth by amylase. The rest of the rice travels to the stomach where it is digested by pancreatic juices and enzymes that are produced by small intestine. The digestion of the rice produces monosaccharides that absorb into the blood stream. The left over, and undigested parts of the chicken and rice that are useless to the body are excreted by large intestine through rectum.

1) Based on your finding in the Module 3 Report, begin the Module 4 Report by identifying which metabolites are being absorbed and specifically which vessels of the cardiovascular or lymphatic system are the initial vessel of transport from the digestive system. 2) From the point that the specific metabolites are absorbed from the GI tract, trace the path of the resulting metabolites to the following locations in the body for incorporation into the body structure: Metabolites of protein for use in the Gastrocnemius muscle for muscle maintenance. Metabolites of the carbohydrates for energy to contract the cardiac muscle cells. Metabolites of fat to incorporate into the myelin sheaths of the Schwann cells of the Trigeminal nerve that innervates the Masseter muscle. Water for incorporation into the synovial fluid of the hip joint. Iron for incorporation into red blood cells in the bone marrow of the sternum.

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HLTH 230 Study Guide - Basal Metabolic Rate, Lean Body Mass, Weight Loss

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