BIOA02H3 Chapter 44: bioa02 chapter 44

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coralmallard31

26 Jun 2011

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Glial cells do not conduct action potentials: they support neurons physically, immunologically, and metabolically. A nerve is a bundle of axons that come from many different neurons. Afferent neurons carry sensory information into the nervous system: that information comes from specialized sensory neurons that transducer (convert) various kinds of sensory input into action potentials. Efferent neurons carry commands to physiological and behavioral effectors such as muscles and glands. Interneurons integrate and store information and facilitate communication between sensors and effectors. Numbers of neurons organized into clusters called ganglia: ganglia serving different functions may be distributed around the body. Animals that are bilaterally symmetrical, ganglia frequently come in pairs, one on each side of the body: one pair of ganglia is larger than the others, and is therefore given the designation of brain. The human nervous system contains an estimated 10^11 neurons.

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Nerve cells that conduct messages are called (1) ____. (2) _____ cells, which support and nurture the activities of neurons, make up less than half the volume of the nervous system. (3) _______ neurons respond to specific kinds of environmental stimuli, (4) ______ connect different neurons in the spinal cord and brain, and (5) ______ neurons are linked with muscles or glands. All neurons have a (6) _______ ________ that contains the nucleus and the metabolic means to carry out protein synthesis. (7) _______ are short, slender extensions of the (6), and together these two neuronal parts are the neuronsâ âinput zoneâ for receiving (8) _____. The (9) _____ is a single long, cylindrical extension away form the (10) ______; in motor neurons, the (11) ______ has finely branched (12) ________ that terminate on muscle or gland cells and are âoutput zones,â where messages are sent on to other cells. A neuron at rest establishes unequal electric charges across its plasma membrane, and a(n) (13) ____ ____ is maintained. Another name for (13) is the (14) _____ _____ _____; it represents an ability for the membrane to be disturbed. Weak disturbances of the neuronal membrane might set off only slight changes across a small patch, but strong disturbances can cause a(n) (15) _______ ______, which is an abrupt, short-lived reversal in the polarity of charge across the plasma membrane of the neuron. For a fraction of a second, the cytoplasmic side of a bit of membrane becomes positive with respect to the outside. The (16) ______ that travels along the neural membrane is nothing more than short-lived changes in the membrane potential. A. Neurons H. Sensory B. Motor I. Endings C. Interneurons J. Disturbance D. Cell body K. Signals (stimuli) E. Axon L. Voltage differential F. Dendrites M. Resting membrane potential G. Neuroglial N. Action potential

azureelk922

Describe, in your own words, the process by which neuronscommunicate with one another electrochemically. Include a detaileddescription of how neurons receive information across the synapse,generate PSPs, and conduct action potentials

emeraldprairie-dog191

Giant squid is known for its long and thick axons to mediate quick reflex behaviors. Vertebrates have developed some other features in their nervous systems. One is the abundance of interneurons that provide extensive interactions between sensory and motor neurons. The other one is the use of myelin to insulate neurons. Based on what we have learned about axon conductivity and synaptic transmission, explain why these two evolutionary adaptations might be advantageous.

BIOA02H3 Chapter 44: bioa02 chapter 44

BIOA02H3 Full Course Notes

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