Psychology 2011A/B Lecture Notes - Transformational Grammar, 18 Months, Empiricism

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Stages in language development: prelinguistic stage (0 12 months, crying, cooing, babbling, phonemic expansion, phonemic constriction, cooing at 6 weeks. Distinct from crying (e. g. doesn"t occur when infant is upset; lower pitched) These sounds are not made later in life: babbling at 6-9 months. Produces all possible phonemes phonemic expansion: phonemic constriction at 9-12 months. Phonemes reduce to the subset in their native languages. Motherese (infant-directed speech: stage 2 grammar (30 months 4 to 5 years) Theories of language development: nativism: knowledge of the world is largely innate (i. e. determined by nature. Heredity): empiricism: knowledge of the world is largely acquired through learning and experience (e. g. like the tabula rasa theory proposed by john locke), skinner"s learning theory, principles of learning theory. Ignore incorrect grammar (less likely to occur: challenges for learning theory. Productivity of language: can"t explain how we produce sentence not reinforced to produce; how novel sentences occur.

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