[BIOL 172] - Midterm Exam Guide - Everything you need to know! (34 pages long)
Document Summary
Endogenous: different parts of cell came from inside. Original cell invaginated, giving form to nucleus, er, and nuclear envelope. Margulis (1981): symbiosis is driving force in evolution. Primary endosymbiosis: led to red alga and green alga. Cell engulfed an aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote, resulting in the mitochondrion. Gave rise to animal, fungi, and other heterotrophs. Evolved first b/c not all cells have chloroplasts, but all cells have mitochondria. Photosynthetic prokaryote was engulfed, resulting in the plastid. Based on similarities of extant prokaryotes with mitochondrion and chloroplast. Primary endosymbiosis led to red alga and green alga lines. Followed by secondary endosymbiosis in red and green algal lines. Thru horizontal gene transfer nuclear genome should be mixture of bacteria and eukaryotes. Eukaryotes derived from community of cells exchanging dna. Biodiversity: variety of life; how different groups of organisms are related. Systematics: classification of organisms according to relationships, based on phylogeny. Features used to distinguish btwn groups of organisms that are homologous:
