Microbiology and Immunology 2500A/B Lecture Notes - Nadph Oxidase, Natural Killer Cell, Adaptive Immune System

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The main cells of the innate immune system are phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages, immature dendritic cells) and lymphocytes (natural killer cells). The lymphocytes destroy intracellular pathogens (especially viruses) by apoptosis. Phagocytosis is the major way that extracellular pathogens are destroyed and is important against bacteria. Receptors on phagocytes (prrs) bind to the pathogen (pamps) to trigger phagocytosis. The cell membrane extends around the microbe, envelopes it, and internalizes it, forming a phagosome. The phagosome fuses with a lysosome containing anti-microbial mediators, forming a phagolysosome. Killing occurs within a phagolysosome so that it does not damage the phagocyte. The lysosome contains acids and enzymes that quickly kill the ingested bacteria. Defensins, lysozyme damage pathogen cell wall, which destroys the integrity of the bacteria. Nadph oxidase produces toxic oxygen metabolites. superoxide . People that lack nadph oxidase are unable to destroy bacteria: nitric oxide synthetase produces toxic nitric oxide (no).

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