BIOC34H3 Chapter Notes -Distilled Water, Anemia, Blood Plasma

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pinkhamster124

9 Mar 2013

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Hand-in all of the pages associated with the lab. Note that there are 9 activities to be completed. You do not need to hand in the histology review supplement. There are 10 questions in part 1 for which marks are assigned. Convert the mark out of 10 to a mark out of 5. Add the mark out of 5 to the mark out of 8 from part 2. At 20 seconds, ph = 7. 38 or 7. 39 or 7. 40 or 7. 41 or 7. 42. At 40 seconds, ph = 7. 38 or 7. 39 or 7. 40 or 7. 41 or 7. 42. At 60 seconds, ph = 7. 38 or 7. 39 or 7. 40 or 7. 41 or 7. 42. Note: during any one run the ph remains constant. It may be at any one of the above levels but it never change during a single run. No, the ph level of the blood does not change (during any single run) during normal breathing.

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Case History- An 11-month old Boy who's blue and short of breath

Chief Complaint: An 11-month old boy brought to the pediatric clinic with difficulty breathing.

History: Austin Green, an 11-month old Caucasian boy was brought by his foster parents to the Pediatric clinic with comnplaint of dyspnea (i.e difficulty breathing) and fatigue. These episodes last for several minutes, occur daily, and happen most copmmonly during exertion (i.e exercise). Austin spent the first 9 months of his life with hisbiological parents, but recent social problems have necessitated that he receive foster care.His foster parents have had him for the past month, and they have note that these "breathing spells" have become more frequent and severe over period of time. They also note that Austinb's shortness of breath diminishes somewhat if he lies down. Interestingly, he frequently assumes a squatting position during these episodes, and this seems to reduce hsi symptoms as well. His foster parents report that Austin has had no nausea, vomiting, change in appetie, or change in bowel or bladder habits. He is currently on no medications and no known allergies. There is no medical information available about any othefr member of Austin's biological family.

Lab. test results:

Hematocrit 43% normal (37-47%)

Hemoglobin 14mg/dl (normal 12-16ml/dl)

PH =7.21 (normal range=7.35 to 7.45)

[HCO^-3]=18meq/L (normal range=22 to 26 me=Eq/L)

1. The cardiologist ordered X-ray that showed decreased blood flow to the lungs. A follow-up echocardiogram revealed the following abnormalities in Austin's heart. (A) a narrowing of pulmonic valve, (B) a thickening of right ventriclewall, (C) a ventricular septal hole allowing direct exchange of blood between the right and the left ventricles, (D) an aorta that was shifted in position so that it was over-riding the right venbtricl, allowing it to recieve blood from both the left and the right ventricle.

What is the name of Austin's condition?

2. What is specifically causing the heart murmur?

3. Why did the chest X-ray show freduced pulmonary blood flow?

4. Austin has a thickening right ventriclewall. what type of hypertropy is this?

Why does Austin have this particular type of ventricular hypertrophy? BE SPECIFIC

5. Why di Austin's EGG show a right-shufted ventricular depolarization axis?

6. Which way will blood typically flow through Austin's ventricular septal defect(i.e from the left ventricle to the right ventricle, or vice versa? explain your answer in detail

7. Why is Austin cyanotic? BE SPECIFIC

8. Why does supplemental oxygen therapy did not correct Austin's cyanosis? BE SPECIFIC

9. How might the squatting position help relieve Auatin's dyspnea?

10. Why is Austin's...

(a) arterial pCO2 higher than normal?

(b). arterial [HCO^-3] lower than normal?

(c). arterial PH lower than normal?

11. Describe treatments for Austin's condition?

Carol, an 8-year-old girl inpreviously good health, has noticed that, in the past month, she isincreasingly thirsty. She gets up several times a night to urinate,and finds herself gulping down glasses of water. At the dinnertable, she seems to be eating twice as much as she used to, yet shehas lost 5 pounds in the past month. In the past three days, shehas become nauseated, vomiting on three occasions, prompting avisit to her pediatrician.

At the doctor's office, she is breathing rapidly during herphysical examination. Blood and urine samples are taken. Thefollowing lab results are noted:

Blood glucose level = 545 mg/dl

Blood pH level = 7.23

(normal = 50 - 170 mg/dl)

(normal = 7.35 - 7.45)

Urine = tested positive for glucose and for acetone /acetoacetate (i.e. ketone bodies) (normally urine is free ofglucose and ketone bodies)

Following her visit to the pediatrician, Carol undergoes adiabetic care training program, learning how to self-inject insulinsubcutaneously and check her blood-glucose level at home withchemstrips. In addition, she learns the importance of carryingcandy and glucagon with her at all times as well as eating theright amounts of food at the right times each day. Sheis started on the following schedule of insulin dosing: â¨

morning dose = 8 units of NPH insulin and 4 units of regularinsulin

supper dose = 4 units of regular insulin

bedtime dose = 5 units of NPH insulin

total dose per day = 21 units

Note: regular insulin is a fast-acting insulin, while NPHinsulin has a slower onset of action and a longer duration ofaction.

Three days later, she returns to the doctor's office for areview of her blood-glucose readings and a measurement of herfasting blood-glucose level, which is found to be 95 mg/dl. Most ofher glucose readings during the day have been in the low- tomid-100 range. Her glucose levels before supper, however, are inthe upper 200s. The dosage of insulin is adjusted. Carol returns toher pediatrician three months later for a re-check, and is found tohave a glycosylated hemoglobin level (Hb A1C) of 9.5%.

1. Why is her glucose level elevated? What is the primarydiagnosis and what are the key lab results that confirm it?

2. Why is her blood pH level decreased? Why are there ketonebodies in her urine?

3. Carol is breathing rapidly. What physiological purpose doesthis serve?

4. What is the name for frequent urination and why is ithappening to Carol? What is osmotic diuresis and what causesit?

5. What is the name for constant hunger and why is it happeningto Carol? Use the role of glucagon in your answer.

6. What are the concerns about Carol giving herself insulin on adaily basis? Why does she need to carry both candy and glucagonwith her at all times?

7. How would you adjust Carolâs insulin-dosing schedule to bringher pre-supper glucose levels down?

8. What is glycolsylated hemoglobin? What is the normal rangefor glycosylated hemoglobin?

9. What does Carol's Hb A1C level indicate that a one-timedirect measurement of blood glucose doesn't indicate?

10. What are the possible long-term complications of herdisease?

aquamarinegiraffe881

Grade 9 Science – Lab Safety & Equipment Woksheet

Part A: Highlight ‘T’ for TRUE OR ‘F’ for FALSE for each of the following questions. (K - 35)

1. T F Broken glassware should be swept up immediately and placed in the garbage bin.
2. T F Eyeglasses or contact lenses are an acceptable substitute for googles during an experiment.
3. T F If you arrive at class to find a spilled liquid on your desk, you should assume it is water and wipe
it up with paper towels.
4. T F Students with long hair must tie it back when using Bunsen burners.
5. T F If you take too much of the chemicals needed for an experiment, put it back into the container you
got it from.
6. T F Class B fires are those related to electrical equipment.
7. T F Discard all solid waste by rinsing it down the sink.
8. T F You may consume food and drinks during a lab, as long as it is kept at a safe distance from
chemicals.
9. T F If asked to detect the odour of a chemical in the lab, the student should inhale a deep breath of the
chemical.
10. T F If your clothing were to catch on fire, your first step should be to STOP, DROP and ROLL.
11. T F When using a fire extinguisher, aim at the top of the fire. The chemical in the extinguisher will
fall and put out the flames.
12. T F When heating chemicals in a test tube, heat from the bottom up, aiming the test tube at the
ceiling, and keep the test tube still.
13. T F It is ok to take off my safety goggles if it’s just for a second while I write something down.
14. T F If any chemical makes contact with your eye, wash it immediately at the eyewash station for
fifteen minutes. If you should spill chemicals on your skin, place the affected area under water
immediately.
15. T F Always read through each activity before you begin.
16. T F If you are unsure about any part of the procedure for an experiment, you should figure it out
yourself. Asking the teacher for clarification will result in a lower mark due to lack of preparation.
17. T F It is acceptable to sit during very long experiments.
18. T F It is ok if I don’t know where the lab safety equipment is since I can just ask someone later.
19. T F Be sure to tell your teacher about any accident, broken equipment, or injury that occurs during
class; no matter how minor.
20. T F When working with chemicals, keep pens and pencils away from your mouth.
21. T F In warmer months, it is acceptable to wear sandals during an experiment.
22. T F Determine whether your equipment is cool enough to disassemble by placing the back of your
hand near it.
23. T F Loose-fitting, long-sleeved shirts should be worn during experiments to protect your arms from
burns and chemical splashes.
24. T F If you must retrieve materials during a lab, it is acceptable to leave your Bunsen burner unattended
as long as it is set to a yellow flame.
25. T F To avoid an injury when heating materials, always place a stopper or tight-fitting lid on the
container being heated.
26. T F If a student uses the last of the chemicals in an experiment, it is their responsibility to go into the
storeroom to retrieve an additional quantity of that chemical.
27. T F Always leave your work area clean and dry before leaving the lab and make sure equipment and
glassware is returned clean to its proper place.
28. T F Horseplay is O.K. during a lab as long as no one is getting hurt.
29. T F It is never advisable to place a thermometer in an open flame.
30. T F To cool hot glassware, run cold water over it.
31. T F Class A fires can be extinguished with water.
32. T F Class D fires must be extinguished with water.
33. T F Keep equipment away from the edge of the lab bench.
34. T F If your eye itches while you are working with chemicals, you should rub it with your hands.
35. T F WHMIS stands for warning hazardous materials information symbols.

jhonny

BIOC34H3 Chapter Notes -Distilled Water, Anemia, Blood Plasma

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