BIO342H5 Chapter Notes - Chapter 5: Hemoglobin, Intron, Speciation

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Chapter 5: mutation and genetic variation (pages 143 163) The genetic variation that natural selection and other evolutionary forces act on originates in mutation. Meiosis can be responsible for this because of the crossing over process can result in new grouping of alleles. However, meiosis reshuffles existing alleles into new combinations. Therefore, only mutation can create new alleles and new genes. Once this variation is produce, then selection, drift, and migration can act. Where new alleles come from: the nature of mutation, mutation is any change in dna. Genes are made of dna, so changes in: consider the mutation for the human gene for hemoglobin that results. In 1958, vernon ingram showed that the difference between normal and sickle-cell hemoglobin was due to a single amino acid change at position number 6 in the protein chain. Instead of having glutamic acid in this position, the sickle cell allele has valine; caused by a single base substitution in the hemoglobin gene.

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