BIOL355 Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Neurofibrillary Tangle, Senile Plaques, Arterial Stiffness

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coraloyster422

21 Apr 2017

School

University of Waterloo

Department

Biology

Course

BIOL355

Professor

Dr.Cheryl Duxbury

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Document Summary

Studies of older adults with elevated levels of ages are at greater risk of: Anemia, poor skeletal muscle strength and physical performance: ages form crosslinks, increase oxidative stress (free radicals) and up-regulate inflammation, proteins most susceptible are those of connective tissue such as elastin and collagen. They are long lived and stiffen tissues that have matrix that are rich in these proteins: these include: skeletal muscle, tendons, joints, bone, heart, arteries, lung, skin and lens of eye. Biological mechanisms for harmful effects of age crosslinks. Ages affect virtually every tissue in the body. Blood vessels: loss of elasticity in blood vessels, collagen increase in blood vessel walls with age (fibrosis, elastin content decrease. Cross-links of collagen increase stiffness, decrease elasticity. Brain: ages accumulates in human brain with age, fou(cid:374)d i(cid:374) (cid:374)eu(cid:396)ofi(cid:271)(cid:396)illa(cid:396)y ta(cid:374)gles (cid:894)dead (cid:374)eu(cid:396)o(cid:374)s(cid:895) a(cid:374)d se(cid:374)ile pla(cid:395)ues (cid:894)fou(cid:374)d i(cid:374) alzhei(cid:373)e(cid:396)"s disease, elevated levels of cml (major ace) associated with elderly cognitive impairment and cerebrovascular disease.

Related Questions

31. Which of the following statements is true if onemaintains a high level of physical activity throughout life?

	Slower decline in reaction time and recovery time in the musclesystem
	Slower increase in processing impulses by the CNS
	Slower increase in fat and fibers in the muscle system
	Slower increase in bone minerals in the skeletal system

32. Which of the following is not an age relatedchange associated with the lens?

	Decline in transparency to all colors of light
	Formation of new capillaries in the lens
	Reduction in the ability to refract light
	Decrease in the elasticity of the lens

33. What is the definition of tidal volume?

	the volume of air inspired equals the volume expired atrest
	the most air a person can inspire when taking a deepbreath
	the amount of air left in the lungs following fullexpiration
	the total amount of air that can be in lungs at any onetime

34. What is the most common type of arthritis inadults?

	Rheumatoid arthritis
	Psoriatic arthritis
	Osteoarthritis
	Gout

35. A pannus is a destructive type of tissueassociated with which condition?

	Emphysema
	Colitis
	Rheumatoid arthritis
	Osteoporosis

36. Tremors, muscle stiffness, inability to completea motion after it was initiated, loss of balance, weakness, and astooped posture are all signs of which disease?

	Stroke
	Alzheimers
	Parkinson's
	Multi-infarct dementia

37. Which type of muscle fiber is considered to be'fast contracting and resistant to fatigue'?

	Type I
	Type IIA
	Type IIB
	Type IIC

38. Which statement regarding crush fractures istrue?

	they only occur when lifting or carrying a heavy object
	the patient tends to lean backwards to take the pressure offthe fracture
	pulmonary and circulatory systems are not effected by thefracture
	nerve function may be compromised by pinching of the bonepieces

39. Which of the following statements regardingdecubitus ulcers is true?

	cells start dying if blood flow is reduced for an hour
	ulcers heal quickly if they are treated appropriately
	the legs are the most susceptible body part
	pressure and immobility are the main causes

40. Which of the following increases the risk ofage-related macular degeneration?

	Hypotension
	Diabetes
	Cataracts
	Atherosclerosis

erintrout829

31. Which of the followingstatements regarding decubitus ulcers is true?

	cells start dying if blood flow is reduced for an hour
	ulcers heal quickly if they are treated appropriately
	the legs are the most susceptible body part
	pressure and immobility are the main causes

32. What is the mostcommon type of arthritis in adults?

	Rheumatoid arthritis
	Psoriatic arthritis
	Osteoarthritis
	Gout

33. Which of the followingincreases the risk of age-related macular degeneration?

	Hypotension
	Diabetes
	Cataracts
	Atherosclerosis

34. Which of the followingstatements is true if one maintains a high level of physicalactivity throughout life?

	Slower decline in reaction time and recovery time in the musclesystem
	Slower increase in processing impulses by the CNS
	Slower increase in fat and fibers in the muscle system
	Slower increase in bone minerals in the skeletal system

35. Which type of musclefiber is considered to be 'fast contracting and resistant tofatigue'?

	Type I
	Type IIA
	Type IIB
	Type IIC

36. Which of the followingis not an age related change associated with the lens?

	Decline in transparency to all colors of light
	Formation of new capillaries in the lens
	Reduction in the ability to refract light
	Decrease in the elasticity of the lens

37. Which statementregarding crush fractures is true?

	they only occur when lifting or carrying a heavy object
	the patient tends to lean backwards to take the pressure off thefracture
	pulmonary and circulatory systems are not effected by thefracture
	nerve function may be compromised by pinching of the bonepieces

38. What is the definitionof tidal volume?

	the volume of air inspired equals the volume expired at rest
	the most air a person can inspire when taking a deep breath
	the amount of air left in the lungs following fullexpiration
	the total amount of air that can be in lungs at any one time

39. Tremors, musclestiffness, inability to complete a motion after it was initiated,loss of balance, weakness, and a stooped posture are all signs ofwhich disease?

	Stroke
	Alzheimers
	Parkinson's
	Multi-infarct dementia

40. A pannus is adestructive type of tissue associated with which condition?

	Emphysema
	Colitis
	Rheumatoid arthritis
	Osteoporosis

11. Which of the following is an attribute of a scientifically literate person?

A. Creates templates for understanding

B. Constructs hypothetical arguments for discussion

C. Respects the rights of self determination

D. Uses scientific evidence to understand the natural world

E. Reports on social phenomena consistently

12. Which of the following does not contribute to the Calorie intake of a person?

A. Protein

B. Carbohydrate

C. Fat

D. Alcohol

E. Water

13. Which of the following is not a technique used to measure body composition?

A. Skin-fold calipers

B. Bod PodÃ

C. Body mass index

D. Hydrostatic weighing

E. Light absorption technique

14. Which of the following behavioral techniques supports healthy body weight changes?

A. Feasting

B. Fasting

C. Goal setting and a plan

D. Eating vegetables and meat

E. Regularly measuring body composition

15. The purpose of the warm-up is to:

A. Slowly increase the pulse rate to an aerobic level.

B. Facilitate vascular changes (splenic shunt) to accommodate aerobic exercise.

C. Gear up the energy metabolism, i.e., increase the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the working muscle, and raise the temperature to an optimal level for energy production.

D. Increase the elasticity of the muscle fibers, which helps to prevent muscle, tendon, ligament, and joint injuries, as well as improve muscle contraction and preserve muscle glycogen in addition to reducing the amount of lactic acid build-up in the muscles.

E. All of the above

16. Which of the following reflects an improvement in cardiovascular health resulting from regular engagement in aerobic exercise?

A. Increased lean body mass

B. Increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL)

C. Stress relief

D. Improvement in sleep pattern

E. Reduced risk for developing certain types of cancer

17. The purpose of a cool-down is to:

A. slowly decrease pulse rate.

B. decrease core body temperature.

C. slowly constrict blood vessels.

D. continue adequate supply of blood to the brain, and facilitate removal of metabolic waste products from the muscles.

E. All of the above

18. A person trying to gain lean body mass has:

A. increased fluid needs.

B. decreased fat needs.

C. altered fitness needs.

D. increased protein and strength training needs.

E. decreased electrolyte needs.

19. Vitamin A in the form of _____ is used to treat acne.

A. retinol

B. retinal

C. retinoic acid

D. beta-carotene

E. lycopene

20. Which of the following is a genetic disease for which a low intake of copper is a component of treatment?

A. Pellagra

B. Wilsonâs disease

C. Hemochromatosis

D. Beriberi

E. Goiter

21. Which of the following nutrients is used to treat scurvy?

A. Folate

B. Riboflavin

C. Vitamin C

D. Niacin

E. Vitamin D

22. Which of the following groups is at highest risk for hemolytic anemia?

A. Premature infants

B. Elderly people who do not get exposure to sunlight

C. Pregnant women

D. Teenagers who do not drink enough water

E. Someone who does not consume animal meat or products

23. Iron deficiency causes:

A. microcytic normochromic anemia.

B. macrocytic hypochromic anemia.

C. microcytic hypochromic anemia.

D. macrocytic normochromic anemia.

E. macrocytic hyperchromic anemia.

24. Acrodermatitis enteropathica is caused by a deficiency of:

A. iron.

B. zinc.

C. chromium.

D. choline.

E. molybdenum.

25. Which of the following is required for the absorption of vitamin B₁₂?

A. A coenzyme

B. Intrinsic factor

C. Vitamin C

D. Bile acids

E. None of the above

26. Which nutrient potentiates the action of insulin?

A. Magnesium

B. Fluoride

C. Chromium

D. Selenium

E. Iodine

27. Which mineral is a central component of vitamin B₁₂?

A. Iron

B. Copper

C. Cobalt

D. Zinc

E. Molybdenum

28. Iodine is a component of:

A. hemoglobin.

B. myoglobin.

C. intrinsic factor.

D. insulin.

E. thyroxine.

29. Which of the following statements is not true regarding the diagnosis of a nutritional deficiency?

A. Dietary records should demonstrate low intake for that nutrient.

B. Blood levels should demonstrate high body levels of the nutrient.

C. Tissue levels should demonstrate low body levels of the nutrient.

D. Nutrient supplementation should correct the deficiency symptoms.

E. Clinical deficiency symptoms should be compatible with a low dietary intake.

30. Vitamin C helps maintain tissue integrity by:

A. neutralizing foreign proteins.

B. creating an alkaline cell environment.

C. recognizing cell boundaries.

D. forming collagen to bind cells together.

E. increasing inflammation

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BIOL355 Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Neurofibrillary Tangle, Senile Plaques, Arterial Stiffness

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