GEOL 106 Lecture : GEOL 106 Lecture Notes Mar 13.docx

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How magma gets to the surface: fractures (fissures) Ex: cracks (dykes, sills) where a dyke reaches the surface. Mostly involve mafic lava (ex: basalt) results in extensive lava sheets due to low viscosity (ex: iceland, ocean floor) However, major fissure eruptions can generate atmospheric effects from so2 gas (creates sulphuric acid causing cooling, ex: iceland laki eruption in 1783) and co2 gas (over the longer term this can cause global warming) In particular, flood basalt events can be catastrophic and have been linked to mass extinction (ex: 65 ma, connected to extinction of dinosaurs; 250 ma, 90% of species went extinct) Form aesthetically pleasing landscapes that people like to live near/visit. Black smokers deposit metal and ore, and allow organisms to survive deep in the ocean. Scientifically called mass wasting. which is the downslope movement of solid earth materials under just the influence of gravity. Volcanoes and earthquakes occur predominantly at plate boundaries; landslides can occur anywhere on any slope.

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