BIOL 1020 Lecture 33: Lecture 33

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erinchimpanzee657

12 May 2017

School

University of Manitoba

Department

Biological Sciences

Course

BIOL 1020

Professor

Joy Stacey

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BIOL 1020 Full Course Notes

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A new era of biology began in 1859 when charles darwin published. The origin of species by means of natural selection. The origin of species focuses biologists" attention on the great diversity of organisms. Darwin explained what mechanism could have accounted for diversity. Darwin noted that current species are descendants of ancestral species (up until this point people thought that the world was static) Evolution can be defined by darwin"s phrase descent with modification: each generation is a little different from the previous generation. Evolution can be viewed as both a pattern and a process. Darwin did not know about dna or what a gene was- now that we do know that we can see how it meshes. The study of fossils helped to lay the groundwork for darwin"s ideas. Fossils are remains or traces of organisms from the past, usually found in sedimentary rock, which appears in layers or strata.

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In the passages below, Darwin and Wallace both clearly define what a species is based on their observations of the natural world. They then provide explanations for how new species arise.

Excerpt from âThe Origin of Species and Genera (S322: 1880), January 1880 issue of Nineteenth Century,â by Alfred R. Wallace ... A species may be defined as a group of individuals of animals or plants which breed together freely and reproduce their like; whence it follows that all the individuals of a species, now living or which have lived, have descended from a few common ancestors, or perhaps from a single pair. Thus all horses, whether Shetland ponies, racers, or cart-horses, form one species, because they freely breed together, and are known to have all descended from a common stock. By the same test the common ass, the kiang, the quagga, and the zebra, are each shown to be distinct species; for though sometimes two of these species will breed together, they do not do so freely, they do not reproduce their like but an intermediate form called a mule, and these mules are not capable of reproducing their kind, as are the offspring of any pairs of a single species.

Excerpt from âOn the Origin of Species,â by Charles Darwin, 1859 ... So with natural species, if we look to forms very distinct, for instance to the horse and tapir, we have no reason to suppose that links ever existed directly intermediate between them, but between each and an unknown common parent. The common parent will have had in its whole organisation much general resemblance to the tapir and to the horse; but in some points of structure may have differed considerably from both, even perhaps more than they differ from each other. Hence in all such cases, we should be unable to recognise the parent-form of any two or more species, even if we closely compared the structure of the parent with that of its modified descendants, unless at the same time we had a nearly perfect chain of the intermediate links. ...

ï¿¼ï¿¼Excerpt from On the Origin of Species, Chapter 4, by Charles Darwin, 1859 ... On the view that each species has been independently created, I can see no explanation of this great fact in the classification of all organic beings; but, to the best of my judgment, it is explained through inheritance and the complex action of natural selection, entailing extinction and divergence of character, as we have seen illustrated in the diagram. ...

Question: From all these readings, is there evidence that both Darwin and Wallace independently formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection? Support your answer.

1. Which of the following is NOT an example of evolution?

(a) Beak size in a population of birds becomes larger from onegeneration to the next

because larger beaked birds had higher reproductive success andpassed the trait to

their offspring

(b) Over long periods of time whales gradually lost theirhindlimbs

oxygen levels

(d) All of the above are examples of evolution

2. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed:

(a) bacteria represent some of the youngest species on earth

(b) organisms can adapt to their environment

(d) all of the above

(e) none of the above

3. Carlos Linnaeus:

(a) devised a system of taxonomy that is still used today

(b) accepted the idea that most of lifeï¿½s diversity arosethrough the process of evolution

(d) a and b are correct

(e) a and c are correct

4. On what point(s) would Charles Darwin and Jean-BaptisteLamarck have agreed:

(a) adaptation occurs when individuals change to adapt to theirenvironment

(b) life is spontaneously generated all the time

(d) simple organisms have existed for a shorter period of timethan complex organisms

(e) they would have disagreed on all of these points

5. Several scientists have argued that life likely existed asfar back as 3.7 billion years ago. They base this claim on:

(a) the presence of biomarkers in rocks of that age

(b) fossils of stromatolites in rocks of that age

(d) the presence of tiny blobs of mineral-rich fluids in rocksof that age

6. The earliest generally accepted fossils of living organismsare:

(a) yeasts

(b) stromatolites

(d) carbon isotopes

7. The transition of from single-celled to multi-celledorganisms:

(a) happened once

(b) happened on multiple occasions

(d) a and c are correct

(e) b and c are correct

8. The earliest animal fossils appear similar to modern day:

(a) sponges

(b) archaea

(d) jellyfish

9. Tetrapods include:

(a) organisms descended from ancestors with four limbs

(b) birds

(d) all of the above

10. Based on current fossil evidence:

(a) whales were likely fully aquatic before they evolvedpeg-like teeth or baleen

(b) evolution of baleen forced whales to become fullyaquatic

mammals

(d) a and c are correct

(e) b and c are correct

Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of the fact that DNA polymerase can only build onto the end of an existing nucleic acid?

Question 6 options:

	DNA replication requires primers
	Bits of DNA are lost from the ends of your chromosomes in each successive round of replication
	RNA is involved in DNA replication
	The enzyme "primase" is needed for DNA replication
	There are multiple origins of replication on each eukaryotic chromosome

How does a nucleotide sequence code for a protein in nearly all living organisms?

Question 7 options:

	a sequence of 3 nucleotides can code for one of 64 different amino acids
	a sequence of 2 nucleotides can code for one of 64 different amino acids
	a sequence of 2 nucleotides can code for one of 20 different amino acids
	a sequence of 3 nucleotides can code for one of 20 different amino acids
	a sequence of 3 nucleotides can code for 3 different amino acids

Fill in the blanks. To make one strand of DNA, _________ monomers are linked together in a chain, forming a polymer we call a(n) ________ .

Question 8 options:

	nitrogenous bases, hydrogen bond
	nucleotide, nucleic acid
	amino acid, nucleic acid
	nucleotide, nitrogenous base
	amino acid, protein

Which of the following was NOT part of the ideas that Darwin used in his book On the Origin of Species?

Question 9 options:

	organisms vary in characteristics that affect survival and reproduction
	variation in traits is often heritable
	descent with modification explains life's unity and life's diversity
	organisms inherit characteristics from their parents that the parents acquired in their own lifetimes
	natural selection is a cause of adaptive evolution

Here is a hypothetical mRNA sequence:

5' G G A U G C U A G U A U G A 3'

What is the amino acid sequence encoded by this mRNA?

Question 10 options:

	Met-Ile-Val
	Asp-Ala-Ser-Met
	Met-Leu-Val
	Ser-Met-Ile-Val
	Gly-Cys

BIOL 1020 Lecture 33: Lecture 33

BIOL 1020 Full Course Notes

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