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BIO 431 Midterm: Molecular Genetics Exam 2 Study Guide

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orchidwalrus151
12 May 2017
School
West Chester University
Department
Biology
Course
BIO 431
Professor
Jessica Sullivan- Brown

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Document Summary

Study guide: we talked a lot about the scientists that performed the experiments we discussed in class. Be able to associate the scientists with specific experiments we discussed: be able to describe and interpret all the experiments we discussed in class. Review all the handouts i passed out during class and be able to answer all the questions: this study guide is meant to help you think about the material. You will be responsible for all the material presented in lecture, even if it does not directly appear on this study guide: think experimentally about these questions. I have provided suggested readings on the syllabus. If we did not directly discuss the information in the readings, then i will not test you on that. Evolutionarily, why may this be: there are four (cid:498)channels(cid:499) in rna poly. Describe what goes in and out of these channels.

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Related Questions

*Please don't answer with photos, DO NOT UPLOAD PHOTO, it's hard to read.

I post this question twice, please don't answer this post if you already answer the other one, if you can answer different answer that's fine. REASON WHY I POST IT TWICE, I NEED TWO DIFFERENT VIEW.

Discussion

Hi All - this week you will learn about DNA - the molecule of life! You may think that protein-coding genes are the most important, but results from the Human Genome Project revealed that only about 2% of our DNA codes for protein - so what about the rest of the "junk DNA" (or non-protein coding portion of the genome) - is it functionally important? Yes! Scientists are learning how "the non-protein-coding portion of the genome is of crucial functional importance: for normal development and physiology and for disease". I would like you to please choose a topic with regards to the non-protein coding portion of the genome (this will introduce you to gene regulation which we will cover in chapter 11) or you may also choose to write about a topic that describes a mutation in any protein that is involved in DNA replication, transcription, or translation (we did not talk about all of the enzymes involved in those processes). Please list your reputable source - this is worth 0.5 pt (even if you use one of my sources below) and tell me WHY you chose your topic (this is worth 1 pt.) please try to briefly explain your topic to the best of your knowledge - I don't expect you to write a lot of detail about your topic - it might be hard to understand (which you are welcome to comment on in your paragraph)!

Examples to choose from (but not limited to) include: noncoding RNAs (snRNAs, miRNAs, siRNAs, snoRNAs, piRNAs, lincRNAs) and RNA therapeutics:

LIST:

1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4119351/ (Development of microRNA therapeutics is coming of age)

2. http://www.umassmed.edu/rti/ (RNA Therapeutics Institute)

3. http://www.genengnews.com/insight-and-intelligence/rna-based-therapeutics-and-vaccines/77900520/

4. http://genesdev.cshlp.org/content/26/21/2361.full (Biology of PIWI-Interacting RNAs: new insights into biogenesis and function inside and outside of germlines)

5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4265212/ (PIWI proteins and their interactors in piRNA biogenesis, germline development and gene expression)

6. http://www.news-medical.net/news/20121203/microRNAs-play-an-important-role-during-embryonic-development.aspx

7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4578617/ (the role of microRNAs in cell fate determination)

8. http://news.berkeley.edu/2017/01/13/scientists-reprogram-embryonic-stem-cells-to-expand-their-potential/

9. http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/40871/title/The-Second-Coming-of-RNAi/

10. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/cardiac-development-needs-more-than-protein-coding-genes-0124.html (long non-coding RNA molecules)

11. http://www.alzforum.org/news/research-news/new-role-micrornas-torpedoes-sink-neurons(microRNAs)

12. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/rothmund-thomson-syndrome (mutation in human helicase gene)

13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3633371/ (mutation in mitochondrial helicase gene called TWINKLE)

14. http://sfari.org/news-and-opinion/news/2013/in-autism-related-disorders-rna-turns-out-to-be-key (RNA topoisomerase)

15. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/TERC (dyskeratosis congenita - mutations in the TERC gene - the RNA component of telomerase)

16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3853347/ (Top3beta is an RNA topoisomerase that works with Fragile X syndrome protein to promote synapse formation)

The following 3 articles discuss long non-coding RNAs - there are many examples in each article so you only need to talk about one example - not the whole article:

1. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468054016300063 (mechanism of action and functional utility)

2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5084630/ (dysregulated expression in ovarian cancer)

3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4736767/ (stem cells)

Experimental Review

Below are five hypothetical experimental designs. Your job as a reviewer is to pick one of the experiments and write a detailed summary of what is wrong with the proposed study.

Your review should use vocabulary words that have been discussed in class and address the following questions.

Is the study feasible? Will it actually be possible to conduct the proposed study in a controlled manner that produces meaningful data? If there is more than one variable changing simultaneously, no controls, or no replication, then the study is unlikely to produce meaningful data. If there is no way to monitor an experiment in the environment, or no way to conduct the experiment in a controlled environment, like a laboratory, then the experiment is unlikely feasible.

Can you tell from the text if the experiment is designed to be conducted by performing treatments, or by analyzing observational data about a species and its habitat?

Is there a testable hypothesis? Is the study set up so that it will be possible to measure the effects in a quantifiable way? What will be measured? Is there a control group and a treatment group? Or, an independent variable like temperature, and a dependent variable like germination time?

Could you graph the results of this experiment? If so, how would you do it? A column chart to show treatments and controls? A scatter plot or a line graph to look at how changes in the independent variable affect the dependent variable?

Create a post on the discussion board by clicking on "Click to Launch" above.

1. Experiments to Review

1. Climate Change Effects on Marine Iguana Mortality

Hypothesis: If the water temperature in the Galapagos Islands changed from being hot (around 77 degrees) to cold (under 70 degrees), then the mortality rate of Marine Iguanas will increase.

Variables: The independent variable is the temperature of the water that the Marine Iguanas live in. The dependent variable is the mortality rate of the Marine Iguanas. The mortality rate of the Marine Iguanas at the average water temperatures of their habitat.

Experimental Treatments: Iguana Group 1 will be water temperatures and marine iguana mortality rates before 1998. Iguana Group 2 will be water temperatures marine iguana mortality rates after 1998

Prediction:By comparting the average water temperatures with the mortality rates every year before the sudden drop in the iguana population and after a trend will be able to be seen. If the water temperature is truly to blame for the mortality rate increase the water temperature will decrease as the population of Iguanas decreases. The control group is intended to show the average number of Iguanas that die due to other causes.

2. Volcanic Ash Impacts Marine Iguana Longevity

Hypothesis: There are several volcanoes between both the Isabela, and Femandina islands which make this the obvious culprit for the extreme rise in mortality in Marine Iguanas.

Variables: The independent variable is the number of volcanic eruptions per year. The dependent variables are the change in pH of the water in the marine iguanas’ habitat, and the mortality rate of the iguanas.

Experimental Treatments: Iguana Group 1 will live on an island with multiple volcanic eruptions each year. Iguana Group 2 will live on an island with no volcanic eruptions.

Prediction: The group of iguanas living on the island with no eruptions will have longer life spans because the pH of the water will not be altered by the large number of volcanic eruptions.

I need help with this case study

“Sweet Indigestion” by Peggy Brickman

Part I—Of Cows and Carbs “What’s so funny?” Gwen asked as sheslid next to her friends Sara and Emily at the library.

“Read this,” Sara said. “I’m thinking about getting my dadvaccinated.”

S Y D N E Y, Australia, June 7 — Australian farmers aresigning up their sheep and cattle in droves to take part in avaccine program aimed at reducing harmful methane gas emissionsfrom their animals and help take the heat off global warming.Methane is a greenhouse gas more potent than carbon dioxide andfarm animals produce a lot of it. Australian scientists said todayearly results show they may be able to reduce methane emissions peranimal by about 20 percent a year, or the equivalent of 300,000tons of carbon dioxide a year if they can vaccinate three millionanimals. The methane vaccine discourages Methanogenic archae,organisms which inhabit the animal’s digestive system and whichproduce methane by breaking down feed. Reuters 2001.

Gwen laughed, “Your dad? What about your dog? He’s got the realproblem. But seriously, is farting a major

cause of global warming?”

“Well, not all of it, but greenhouse gases could be reduced ifpeople stopped eating meat. Cows actually

produce the vast majority of methane released in the U.S.” Emilyreplied.

“300,000 tons of CO2 in Australia alone,” Gwen said. “I wonderhow much people produce?”

“When I visited Space Camp we learned about how the astronautsdeal with noxious fumes,” Sara said. “The average astronaut expelsabout a half liter of gas a day from bacterial break down ofundigested carbohydrates in the large intestine. Maybe we allshould be vaccinated. You both have been dieting, I bet you thinkyou’re eating a lot less carbohydrates than before. You could beour first test subjects.”“But what are carbohydrates exactly?”Emily asked looking at Gwen. “And which are undigested?

Here’s a list of what the girls had eaten so far:

• For breakfast—Cheerios with oat bran, a tall Latte with skimmilk, and a PowerBar®.

• For lunch—Coke and a salad with lettuce, cabbage, tomato,shredded carrot, green peas, kidney beans, and tuna fish.

QUESTION: Underline all foods containingcarbohydrates. Come up with a rule to help you identify foodscontaining carbohydrates. How are carbohydrates made normally(i.e., what organism makes them) Which ingredient would cause gasand Why are some foods digestible and othersaren’t?