BCH2011 Chapter Notes -Proteoglycan, Polysaccharide, Disaccharide

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17 Sep 2013

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Polysaccharides differ from each other in the identity of their recurring monosaccharide units, in the length of their chains, in the types of bonds linking the units, and in the degree of branching. Some homopolysaccharides serve as storage forms of monosaccharides that are used as fuels; starch and glycogen are homopolysaccharides of this type. Other homopolysaccharides (cellulose and chitin) serve as structural elements in plant cell walls and animal exoskeleton. In animal tissues, the extracellular space is occupied by several types of heteropolysaccharides, which form a matrix that holds individual cells together and provides protection, shape, and support to cells, tissues, and organs. The most important storage polysaccharides are starch in plant cells and glycogen in animal cells. Both polysaccharides occur intracellularly as large clusters or granules. Starch and glycogen are heavily hydrated, because they have many exposed hydroxyl groups available to hydrogen-bond with water.

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Can somebody check if my answer is rght? Thank you

Complex carbohydrates

Indicate whether each of the following statements about polysaccharides is True or False.

1. Polysaccharides are long polymers made of many nucleotides that have been joined through dehydration synthesis. False
2. Cellulose is the main storage polysaccharide in plants while glycogen is an important storage polysaccharide in many animals. False
3. Both starch and glycogen are composed of Î±-glucose subunits. True
4. Starch is composed of amylose and amylopectin, which are unbranched and branched chains of Î±-glucose subunits, respectively. False
5. Like amylopectin, glycogen is insoluble in water, but it has a longer average chain length and fewer branches. True
6. Although some polysaccharides are used to store energy, others serve as structural material for cells. True
7. The principal structural polysaccharide in plants is starch. True
8. Cellulose is composed of a long, branched chain of Î²-glucose subunits. True
9. The starch-hydrolyzing enzymes produced by most organisms cannot break the bond between two Î± -glucose subunits because they only recognize Î² linkages. False
10. Chitin is a structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell wall of many fungi. True

Name of Macronutrient	Subtypes of Macronutrient (Weâve listed the names to provide a framework, but explain what each means)	Food Sources (list food sources broken down by subtype of macronutrient)	Major Functions (make sure to explain each)	Recommended Intake (for you â include your demographic)	Related Health Concerns (be specific regarding how the macronutrient contributes to this health problem)
Carbohydrates	Monosaccharides Sweet, colorless, crystalline structure which contain one (mono) molecule of sugar (saccharide), with the basic CnH2nOn makeup: are the glucose and Fructose âGalactose; Sucrose, maltose and lactose Polysaccharides is a monosaccharaides bonded togehte (wikibooks). Which are simple? Monosaccharides Which are complex? Polysaccharides Both Monosacharides and Polysaccharides can be good healthy diet( wikkibooks).	Monosaccharides: glucose is found on some fruits, vegetable and honey; fructose is found in fruits, honey and corn syrup ( wikkibook) Polyasacchariders Starch (cereal grains such as wheat, oats, barley, corn rice and their products; cellulose which acts as a dietary fiber(soluble â barley-oats,rye) insoluble fiber whole grains ready to eat cereals and others) and glycogen â a storage form of glucose in the liver and muscle ( Non digestable dietary â cellulose â whole grains- green leatu vegetable; pectin- fruits, carrots, sweet potatoes. Exemple of digestable food â shellfish, animal liver.(nutrient.review,n.d)
Proteins	Essential amino acids Nonessential amino acids
Lipids	Triglycerides Phospholipids Sterols

Charts and tables are tools we use in science to break down information analytically and present data in an organized manner. It is a beneficial strategy for learning about and organizing scientific material, which we will be using often in this class. Make sure that you are detailed, thorough, and specific in your responses. Explain yourself clearly. Do not list a word or brief phrase without explaining what it means. For example, if you list diabetes for carbohydrates, make sure you explain how carbs are associated with diabetes. Don't leave the reader to make that connection for you. Also, make sure you provide APA-style references for each of your so

1. Water's molecular structure of water gives rise to 4 emergent properties that facilitate life on earth. Explain how the molecular structure of water contributes to each of these properties.

Explain why the structure of carbon makes it an excellent backbone for the molecules that compose living organisms.

2. Explain how water is involved in the synthesis and breakdown of biological macromolecules. in your answer, make sure to discuss the reactions that join and break apart monomers and why water is related to these processes.

Saturated and unsaturated fats have different fluidities at room temperature. Explain why this occurs.

Use the structural differences discussed in part 1 to explain why one type of fat can harm the cardiovascular system while the other has little negative effects.

Given that starch and cellulose are both made from the same monomer, why do you think that cellulose is so much more difficult for animal digestive systems to break down?

Most living organisms are extremely sensitive to changes in temperature and pH.

Use your knowledge of protein structure and the bonds involved to explain this sensitivity. make sure to be specific about levels of structure and bonds that are disrupted when temperature or pH change significantly.

Some living organisms such as gut microorganisms able to survive in environments with extreme pHs. What kind of modifications may they have in the amino acid composition of their proteins that facilitate their adaptation to this environment?

3. Explain how the internal structure of a cell isolated from the pancreas differs from that of a muscle cell.,

Compare the structures of animal and plant cells. How are they different? how are they the same?

Edema is a medical condition that results from fluid leaking out of blood vessels into surrounding tissues. using your knowledge of animal cell junctions, hypothesize what type of junction may be malfunctioning in individuals suffering from edema and explain why you believe your hypothesis to be correct.

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BCH2011 Chapter Notes -Proteoglycan, Polysaccharide, Disaccharide

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