DEV2022 Study Guide - Final Guide: Sebaceous Gland, Mammary Gland, Epithelium

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The skin covers the entire external surface of the human body, where it serves as a protective barrier. The skin consists of 2 layers, the epidermis and the dermis, which rest on a fatty subcutaneous layer. The outer layer of the skin begins as a single layer of ectodermal cells. As development continues, the ectoderm becomes multilayered and the differences in structure become more obvious. The first stage in epidermal layering is the formation of the periderm. Cells of the periderm are involved in water, sodium exchange between the amniotic fluid and the epidermis. By the third month, the epidermis becomes a three-layered structure, with a basal layer, which is an intermediate layer of cells. During the sixth month, the epidermis beneath the periderm differentiates into the definitive layers characteristic of the postnatal epidermis. In the multilayered epidermis, unspecialized cells from the stratum basal differentiate as they move through the various layers toward the surface of the epidermis.

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