Anatomy and Cell Biology 2221 Chapter Notes -Barbecue, Grilling, Dietary Fiber

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greenrabbit54

1 Oct 2013

School

Western University

Department

Anatomy and Cell Biology

Course

Anatomy and Cell Biology 2221

Professor

Eric Ball

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Document Summary

Cholesterol is a fat-like substance found in every cell in your body. It is used to make steroid hormones such as estrogen and testosterone, as well as bile acids. Most of the cholesterol in your body is produced by the liver and circulates in the blood. Some cholesterol in the blood is necessary, but a high level of cholesterol in the blood can increase your risk of cardiovascular disease. Some animal based foods like meats, egg yolks and dairy products also contain cholesterol. This dietary cholesterol from foods has only a small impact on blood cholesterol levels. You can lower your blood cholesterol by eating well, being physically active and achieving a healthy weight. Dietary cholesterol is not essential because the body can make all the cholesterol it needs. When blood cholesterol levels are high, cholesterol is more likely to deposit in artery walls and harden, forming plaque.

Related Questions

1. Know what occurs during the four pharmacokinetic phases, as well as understand how concurrent pharmacotherapies (or dietary agents) might alter these phases

2. Know the role of the sympathetic vs. parasympathetic on the body, as well as the key neurotransmitters and receptors involved in each.

a. Understand the general mechanism of action and clinical indications for the use of sympathomimetics vs. sympatholytics

3. Know the factors that determine overall cardiac output (CO) and blood pressure (BP) and understand how the following drugs can alter each:

o Diuretics

o Nitrates

o ACE Inhibitors

4. Be able to compare and contrast the use (mechanism of action) of the following drugs in different cardiovascular pathologies (i.e. arrhythmia, hypertension, heart failure):

o Beta blockers

o Ca2+ channel blockers

o ACE Inhibitors

5. Understand the how cholesterol is synthesized in the body, the relationship between different types of cholesterol (HDL vs. LDL) and atherosclerosis, and the mechanism of action of the following drugs in treatment of cholesterol:

HMG CoA Reductase inhibitor (statin)

Cholesterol absorption inhibitors

6. Know the key neurotransmitters targeted by antianxiety and antipsychotic drugs:

Understand the mechanism of action and pharmacologic effects of the antianxiety drug class benzodiazepines

7. Know the key neurotransmitters targeted by antidepressant and anti-manic drugs:

Understand the mechanism of action for SSRIs and Lithium

8. Be able to compare and contrast the mechanism of action of opioids vs. non-opioid drugs (NSAIDs) in producing analgesia, as well as the key detrimental side effects of each class.

Receptors involved

Key signaling pathways (molecules, enzymes, involved)

9. Be able to compare and contrast the mechanism of action of the following antibacterial drugs:

Cephalosporins

Tetracyclines

Sulfonamides

Fluoroquinolones

10. Be able to compare and contrast the mechanism of action of the following antiviral drugs:

Oseltamivir

Docosonal

NRTIs

Protease inhibitors

11. Be able to compare and contrast the mechanism of action of a bronchodilator drug vs. an antileukotriene (or steroid) in asthma therapy

12. Understand the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary-gonadal axis in female and male gamete production (general overview), in addition to understanding the clinical indications and mechanism of action for the following hormones/drugs:

Estradiol/progestin

Urofollitropin

Testosterone

QUESTION 1

Before undertaking an exercise or nutrition program, whatpreliminary steps should be taken?

		Choose an expensive activity; that way you know you've investedmoney in it and be more likely to stay with it.
		Go to an exercise physiologist who can teach you how the bodyworks.
		Choose an enjoyable activity that you know you will stay withwhether you're alone or in a group.
		Get an exercise stress test from a sports medicine doctor who isalso knowledgeable in nutrition.

QUESTION 2

The most important component(s) of exercise from a health andlongevity standpoint is(are)

		the intensity and duration of the activity.
		the duration and frequency of the activity.
		the frequency and regularity of the activity.
		the warm-up and cool-down periods.

QUESTION 3

Among the physiological benefits of regular exercise, which ofthe following can occur?

		Regular exercise will inhibit the blood chemistry responsiblefor the "good" cholesterol.
		Regular exercise can be a way to improve mood and relievedepression.
		Regular exercise has been shown to increase the need for"energizers."
		Regular exercise decreases blood flow to the brain, thereforeactivating endorphins, natural tranquilizers.

QUESTION 4

By eating a high carbohydrate diet the day before any athleticevent,

		muscles will have adequate fuel, i.e., glycogen for thecompetition.
		athletes can eat more protein the day of the competition.
		less water will be needed the day of the competition sincecarbohydrates are high in water.
		all of these.

QUESTION 5

A person with high blood cholesterol should considerparticipating in an aerobic exercise program such as walking orjogging because aerobic exercise

		will raise HDL ("good") cholesterol after a period of trainingand decrease the risk for heart disease.
		will cause a sudden increase in the heart rate to near maximallevels which lowers the "bad" cholesterol.
		forces more LDL ("bad") cholesterol out of the body throughwaste elimination.
		keeps the blood circulating faster, even at rest, thereforecauses a decrease in total blood cholesterol.

QUESTION 6

For most athletes who are well-nourished, nutrition supplementssuch as protein powders and vitamin pills

		dramatically improve performance.
		improve performance only moderately.
		do not significantly improve performance.
		seem to cause a decrease in performance.

QUESTION 7

In addition to being able to exercise at work, employees whohave access to a Wellness program and fitness facility at the jobsite

		is more likely to make positive changes in lifestyle.
		has less absenteeism from work.
		becomes more educated in health issues.
		all of these.

QUESTION 8

The general recommendation to support activity is to eat adiet

		high in protein and low in fat.
		low in protein and high in carbohydrate.
		high in carbohydrate and low in fat.
		high in carbohydrate and high in protein.

QUESTION 9

Walking is considered the best form of exercise because it

		is not expensive.
		promotes cardiovascular endurance.
		is easy to perform.
		all of these.

QUESTION 10

Exercise and nutrition are important components of a soundprogram for physically challenged people because they

are investments in good physical health.

help support a positive mental health.

help people face the challenges of life and achieve dreams.

all of these.

ivoryhornet198

Medical History:
Mrs. KY is a 45 yr old Caucasian female, married with two teenage sons. She is employed as a senior manager at a large bank and reports experiencing an âabove averageâ level of tension and stress. She presents at the referral of her primary care physician, who has observed that the client has elevated blood pressure and cholesterol levels that may be attributed to her stressful and highly sedentary job. In addition, the client admits that she would like to lose 30 to 40 lb (14 to 18 kg) and improve her fitness so that she can ride her bike with her husband on a community rail trail recently installed by her neighborhood.

Diagnosis:
Mrs. KY is a sedentary but otherwise healthy middle-aged female with significant risk factors for cardiovascular disease including obesity, dyslipidemia, and psychosocial stress. At the request of her physician she seeks to start exercising as part of a disease prevention program.

Exercise Test Results:
The client is 5 feet 6 in. tall (168 cm) and weighs 196 lb (89 kg), with a body mass index of 31.7. She has a resting heart rate of 85 beats Â· minâ1 and a resting blood pressure of 136/89 mmHg. Her total cholesterol is 198 mg Â· dlâ1 untreated, and her high-density lipoproteins are 34 mg Â· dlâ1. Her graded treadmill stress test revealed that she has a V.O2max of 20.5 ml Â· kgâ1 Â· minâ1, which is normal for an unfit woman of her age range. Her electrocardiogram was also unremarkable at rest, as well as during and following her test. In addition, she reported smoking from ages 17 to 40. She also complains of occasional joint stiffness in her hands and ankles. The client describes herself as nonathletic and admits to never participating in an organized sport or exercise setting. She is aware of the benefits of exercise but did not feel an incentive to begin a formal program until her doctorâs recommendation. The client jokes that although her workday is highly organized and structured, the rest of her life is chaotic and that it is due only to the support of her husband and kids that anything gets done at home. She laments that her eating habits are atrocious and that she is so tired when she gets home from work that she has only enough energy to make dinner before crashing in front of the television. She presents to you to start a workout program that will help achieve her goals.

Exercise Prescription:
The exercise plan including the traditional componentsâfrequency, intensity, duration, and modality (discussed in detail in later chapters)âmay be tailored to address specific risk factors. The subjectâs medical history, however, clearly indicates that this person had not prioritized exercise participation until she received her doctorâs recommendation. Moreover, she presents with numerous potential barriers to engaging in a physically active lifestyle, as well as behaviors that contribute to her overweight status. The clinician should assist the participant in establishing awareness and developing strategies to address those barriers. Furthermore, the clinician should consider tailoring strategies for motivating the participant toward the adoption of a healthy, physically active lifestyle.

Questions:
1. Applying the transtheoretical model, at what stage of exercise adoption is this client?

2. Based on your response to question 1, what types of interventions are most appropriate for this stage of change and why?

3. If you used the health belief model, what factors would you emphasize to achieve optimal exercise adherence?

4. How would Banduraâs social cognitive theory be relevant to fostering exercise adherence for this client?

Anatomy and Cell Biology 2221 Chapter Notes -Barbecue, Grilling, Dietary Fiber

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Related Questions

		are investments in good physical health.
		help support a positive mental health.
		help people face the challenges of life and achieve dreams.
		all of these.