NUTR 2050 Lecture : 5. September 24.pdf

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aquamarinesquirrel747

13 Nov 2013

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Preconception: intro & definitions, reproductive physiology, preconception and energy balance, preconception and nutritional status, preconception, disorders & diseases. Definitions: fertility: production of children, commonly taken to mean ability to bear children, fecundity: biological ______ to bear children, infertility: lack of _____________ after 1 year of unprotected intercourse. Reproductive physiology: puberty: period in which humans become biologically capable of _______________, ova (singular: ovum): eggs females produce. & store within the ovaries: follicle: cellular structure in ____________ where ovum matures, sperm: male reproductive cells. Reproductive physiology: development of female & male reproductive systems, begins during __________ months after conception, continue to grow & develop through puberty, capacity for reproduction, establishes during _____________ when hormonal changes stimulate maturation of reproductive system. Menstrual cycle: menstrual cycle- ~4 week interval in which hormones direct buildup of blood & ______________ within uterus; ovum matures & is released.

Related Questions

16. All of the following are true about ear infections EXCEPT:

Middle ear infections (otitis media) often produce a puslike exudate (referred to as otitis media with effusion) due to infection by genera of Streptococcus, Haemophilus, or various species of anaerobes.

External auditory canal (otitis externa) infections are typically caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

After successful treatment of middle ear infections with antibiotics, sometimes tubes are inserted to prevent fluid accumulation, repeated infections, and hearing loss.

Pseudomonad infections are common in swimmers because these organisms are able to produce a soluble greenish-blue pigment.

Repeated ear infections in children often decrease markedly because as the child ages and the Eustachian tube changes shape and develops an angle that prevents most organisms from reaching the middle ear.

17. Why are colds difficult to treat and prevent?

Different cold viruses predominate during different seasons.

Because there are so many different types of rhino- and coronaviruses, each with different antigens, development and administration of vaccines are currently prohibitive.

Although some human interferons have been shown to block or limit rhinovirus infections, delivery to infection sites is difficult, and unwanted side effects can occur.

All of the above.

Both a and c.

18. Which of the following is NOT true about parainfluenza viruses?

Most infants by the age of 6 months have been exposed to and develop antibodies against all 4 parainfluenza viruses.

They cause rhinitis characterized by nasal, pharyngeal, and bronchial inflammation, primarily in children.

Parainfluenza virus infection can be prevented by vaccination.

They can cause noisy respiration (stridor) and acute obstruction of the larynx called croup.

The viruses are spread by direct contact or by large droplets.

19. In whooping cough, patients experience violent coughing episodes during the _________ stage and can have bluing of the skin or _________ due to lack of oxygen from massive mucus and bacterial airway blockage.

Paroxysmal; cyanosis

Catarrhal; pigmentation

Convalescent; osmosis

Pneumotic; hydrolysis

Primary; emesis

20. Penicillins have no effect on Mycoplasma pneumoniae because:

Mycoplasmas are viruses

Mycoplasmas possess beta lactamases

Mycoplasmas are too small

Mycoplasmas are eukaryotes

Mycoplasmas lack cell walls

21. How many cases of tuberculosis are reported globally each year?

10,000

100,000

3 million

10 million

22. Mycobacteria are difficult to Gram stain, and are termed âacid-fastâ due to their:

Ability to survive in acidic conditions

Resistance to drying

Thick, waxy cell walls

Resistance to sunlight

Lack of a peptidoglycan layer

23. Which of the following is true about pathogenic mycobacteria?

They have a long generation time of 12 to 18 hours.

They are obligate anaerobes sensitive to small amounts of oxygen.

They are highly resistant to drying and can remain viable in dried sputum 6 to 8 months later.

Both a and b.

Both a and c.

24. Clinical symptoms of tuberculosis are primarily due to:

Host inflammatory response

Mycotoxins

Endotoxin

Mucus production

Exotoxin

25. What characteristic of Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, allows it to survive for up to 2 years?

Metachromatic granule

Exotoxin

Endospore

Hemagglutinin

Cilia

26. The normal microflora of the heart includes species of:

Gram-positive bacteria

Gram-negative bacteria

Fungi

Viruses

None of these

27. Which of the following is commonly directly responsible for causing septic shock today?

Bacterial hemagglutinins

Bacterial endotoxins

Bacterial exotoxins

Fungal aflatoxins

Bacterial neurotoxins

28. All of the following are symptoms of septic shock EXCEPT

Shock

Lymphangitis

Chills

Fever

Collapsed blood vessels

29. What is the most likely explanation of how Streptococcus pyogenes causes rheumatic fever?

Strep throat infections migrate down to the heart.

Endotoxin production causes septicemia.

Vegetation followed by fibrin deposition.

Cross-reactivity of an antibody for a Streptococcus pyogenes antigen to a heart cell antigen.

It is an opportunistic infection triggered by coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis.

30. Bacterial endocarditis is an infection and inflammation of the lining and valves of the heart and occurs as a result of transient bacteria attaching to fibrin from exposed collagen fibers of damaged valvular surfaces. True or false?

copperwhale493

Please check and correct answers that are bolded, thankyou

6. Which vitamin is stored in the tissues?

	A
	B
	C

7. The menstrual occurs within 3 or 4 days of which of thefollowing changes in the blood?

	increase in estrogen and decrease in progesterone
	increase in progesterone and decrease in estrogen
	increase in progesterone and estrogen
	decrease in progesterone and estrogen

8. Which statement regarding sperm production and aging istrue?

	Aging increases the amount of sperm produced
	Aging has a variable effect on the amount of spermproduced.
	Aging causes major changes in sperm cell morphology
	Aging causes major changes in sperm cell function

9. Which of the following is a function of the digestivesystem?

	Helping with speech
	Vitamin A production
	Storing blood in the pancreas
	Producing erythropoietin

10. Thinning of the enamel, decrease in nerve cells, recedinggums and loss of muscle of mastication coordination are consideredto be what type of changes in the mouth?

	Abnormal changes
	Age changes

11. A decline in sexual activity with age is primarilyassociated with what age related changes in the physiology of amale?

	Decline in frequency of use
	Deteriorating self-image
	Medication use
	Changes in blood flow

12. Which of the following conditions is not apathological change that effects the stomach?

	Peptic ulcer
	Atrophic Gastritis
	Acute Gastritis
	Stricture

13. Which of the following is an age related cause for fecalincontinence?

	Laxative use
	Ulcerative colitis
	Colorectal cancer
	Disability
	Stool softener

14. A decrease in lactase secretion is an age related changeassociated with the _____________.

	stomach
	small intestine
	large intestine
	pancreas

15. Which of the following statements regarding atrophicgastritis is true?

	causes overproduction of HCL
	causes overproduction of intrinsic factor
	increase absorption of B12
	increase risk for cancer

16. Functional incontinence may be due to a problem withwhat?

	cognitive function
	autonomic system
	urinary bladder
	urethra

17. Which of the following is not a function of nutrients?

	energy for activities
	raw materials for growth
	buffer to maintain pH
	fluid and electrolyte balance

18. Adenosine triphosphate is produced during all of thefollowing processes, except ______.

	Oxidative phosphorylation
	Kreb's cycle
	Electron transport
	Glycation

19. The digestive system helps create nutritional homeostasis,which of the following is one of the four reasons for nutritionalhomeostasis?

	nutrients are formed to supply the energy for vitalfunctions
	nutrients supply raw materials to synthesize body substances
	nutrients counteract against blood so that volume ismaintained
	nutrients tear down worn out substances for later use

20. Women with _____ percent body fat has an increase risk for ashorter life span and weight related diseases.

	18
	22
	27
	31

21. What amount of protein should be consumed daily by an olderadult?

	.25 gram per kilogram of weight
	.5 gram per kilogram of weight
	.75 gram per kilogram of weight
	1 gram per kilogram of weight

22. Stress incontinence is much more common in women than in menbecause women have which of the following?

	longer urethra
	premenopausal thinning
	weakened structures

23. Which of the following is an age related change affectingthe kidneys?

	increase in weight
	increase in width
	decrease in area
	decrease in volume

24. Postmenopausal decrease in estrogen leads to age relatedchanges of the _________.

	Urethra
	Urinary bladder
	Ureter
	Kidney

25. _______ percent of the working capacity of both kidneys isneeded to maintain homeostasis.

	10
	20
	30
	40

26. Which of the following is considered a treatment for urinaryincontinence?

	surgical removal of the sphincter
	medications to modify bladder function
	electric shock therapy

27. Which reproductive hormone provides a decrease risk ofatherosclerosis?

	testosterone
	relaxin
	estrogen
	follicle stimulating hormone

28. Which form of cancer in the female reproductive system rankssecond in occurrence?

	Ovarian
	Cervical
	Endometrial
	Vaginal

29. Which hormone produced in females seems to stimulate thelibido?

	Estrogen
	Progesterone
	Testosterone
	Luteinizing hormone

30. Which of the following regarding prostate cancer istrue?

	it is related to having benign prostatic hypertrophy
	it is more common in white males
	testing for prostatic specific antigen is sensitive andspecific
	it impairs the function of the liver

indigoalligator267

Please help me check my answers and correct them if needed.Thank you!

1. Which statement regarding malnutrition is true?

	Malnutrition of one nutrient may directly and indirectly affectonly one system
	All nutrient deficiencies typically manifest in a matter of daysor weeks.
	Most cases of malnutrition in the elderly are directly relatedto a loss of appetite
	Nutritional homeostasis should primarily be achieved bydietary alterations.

2. Movement of the stomach/stomach lining upward into esophagusor diaphragm is termed what?

	Gastric reflux
	Gastric torsion
	Hiatal hernia

3. Which of the following is a function of the liver?

	produce and secrete insulin
	produce and secrete glucagon
	metabolize drugs
	excrete drugs from the body
	store red blood cells

4.
Which of the following regarding malnutrition is true?

	ingestion of supplements will prevent malnutrition
	malnutrition can be avoided if the recommendations of the foodpyramid are followed
	malnutrition in the United States is rare

5. What is protein-carbohydrate malnutrition? A person who:

	doesn't eat enough protein or carbohydrates
	eats to much protein and not enough carbohydrates
	eats to much carbohydrates and not enough protein
	eats to much protein and carbohydrates which interferes withabsorption and digestion of other nutrients