RELG 252 Lecture Notes - Prakaram, Shaktism, Temple

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scarletbat329

17 Oct 2011

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Form, function and meaning of the hindu temple. As we have already seen in this course, temple worship is not a requirement for all. Domestic shrines can also be thought of as temples of sorts. In additions to local deities, village goddesses are sometimes worshipped in small makeshift or natural shrines. Pray to the snake to keep away all evil. Tirtha comes from the root word (tri): which means, To cross , since the temple is seen as a place crossing over . A temple is also ready access to the transcendent. Temples are usually located near rivers or mountains as rivers are seen as a diversion to a new path etc. (mountains have the symbolism of climbing over ) Space can be mundane or can be the threshold to god. It s a space where you come and see the gods. Devalaya (language: sanskrit. meaning residence or the house of god )

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Summary

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Multipotent versus restricted

Morphologically detectable neural crest cells usually are first observed as the cells individualize and delaminate upon emigration from the neural tube, following their epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), in which they convert from a tightly adherent sheet of cells to a dispersed and more individual mesenchymal population. Prior to EMT, however, it is difficult or impossible at most axial levels and in most species to distinguish presumptive neural crest cells from cells that will form dorsal neural tube derivatives. However, there are exceptions, such as a subpopulation of cranial neural crest cells in chick and mouse that appears to be set aside and morphologically distinct at midbrain levels. In addition, some species such as axolotl have a clearly segregated population of neural crest cells that exists as a ridge on the dorsal neural tube.

A long-standing debate in the neural crest literature has been whether neural crest cells are multipotent and/or restricted in their developmental potential. In other words, can a single neural crest precursor form only one type of derivative or are the cells multipotent and able to produce multiple derivatives. Single cell lineage experiments (Bronner-Fraser and Fraser, 1988), in which individual cells within the chick dorsal neural tube are labeled with vital dye, show that some of the labeled clones contribute to multiple differentiated cell types in the periphery, including melanocytes, sympathetic and sensory ganglion cells. Thus, the original precursor was âmultipotentâ in its developmental potential to form neural crest derivatives. In addition to neural crest derivatives, single dorsal neuroepithelial cell also give rise both to migrating neural crest cells and cells that remain in the dorsal neural tube, such as roof plate cells and dorsal sensory neurons and/or interneurons. This suggests a shared lineage between the neural tube and neural crest, at least at this stage. However, labeling migrating neural crest cells in vivo also produced clones that could contribute to more than one neural crest lineage (Fraser and Bronner-Fraser, 1991), again supporting the idea that some of the migrating population retained multipotency.

Clonogenic culture of neural crest cells cultured shortly after their emigration from the neural tube definitely shows that many early migrating neural crest cells are multipotent in vitro as well (Baroffio et al., 1988, Calloni et al., 2007, Calloni et al., 2009, LeDouarin et al., 2008a, LeDouarin et al., 2008b, Sieber-Blum and Cohen, 1980 and Stemple and Anderson, 1993). Exposure to different growth factors can profoundly influence their lineage decisions (e.g. Lahav et al., 1998). Furthermore, they have a capacity for self-renewal, at least for a few cell divisions (Stemple and Anderson, 1993 and Trentin et al., 2004).

The fact that individual neural crest cells can form multiple derivatives has led to the idea that they have stem cell properties. Stem cells are defined as individual progenitor cells that can generate one or more specialized cell types. A cardinal feature of stem cells is their ability to self-renew, that is, to divide so as to give rise to at least one daughter cell that maintains the multipotent character of its parent. The fact that cloned neural crest cells have a limited ability to self-renew has led to the idea that they are stem-like (progenitors) cells rather than true stem cells. Interestingly, however, neural crest stem cells can be derived from adult tissues (Fernandes et al., 2008 and Shakhova and Sommer, 2010; see Chapter Dupin and Sommer), suggesting that they can remain quiescent for long periods of time or maintain long term self-renewal ability when left in situ.

The presence of some multipotent neural crest precursors cannot, however, rule out the possibility that other precursors may be more restricted in their developmental potential. In fact, experiments in zebrafish suggested that neural crest cells contribute to different sets of derivatives accordingly to their migration order (Raible and Eisen, 1994). However, if the leader cell was ablated, the next cell in line took up the fate that would have been filled by the ablated cell (Raible and Eisen, 1996). Similarly, early migrating neural crest cells normally exhibit a broader range of derivatives than later migrating cells; however, when the early population is ablated and replaced by late migrating cells, the late migrating cells assume a broader developmental potential than that prescribed by their normal fate (Baker et al., 1997). This raises a very important issue: that developmental potential is greater than or equal to a cell's normal fate. Only by challenging the cell by putting it into a new environment can one test for restriction of cell fate. This is best exemplified by experiments in which the potential of neural crest populations was challenged by performing heterotopic transplants between different axial levels (LeDouarin and Teillet, 1974), such as exchanging cranial and trunk, or vagal and trunk populations. The results demonstrate a combination of flexibility in cell fate and some axial level-autonomous characteristics. For example, cranial neural crest cells normally make cartilage and bone of the face whereas trunk neural crest cells do not. Transplantation of cranial neural folds to the trunk results in production of many normal trunk derivatives, as well as the formation of ectopic cartilage nodules (Le Lievre et al., 1980 and LeDouarin and Teillet, 1974). Conversely, transplantation of trunk neural folds to the head results in contributions to cranial neurons and glia of cranial ganglia, but not to cartilage, although some connective tissues and pericytes derive from this graft (Nakamura and Ayer-le Lievre, 1982). This reveals some flexibility in fate, but a more limited ability to form skeletal derivatives (LeDouarin et al., 2004). However, trunk neural crest cells can form cartilage in vitro under appropriate culture conditions (Calloni et al., 2007 and McGonnell and Graham, 2002). Because challenging prospective neural crest fate is a difficult experiment, it is much easier to prove multipotency than restricted cell fate, leaving the question of whether or not there are lineage-restricted neural crest precursors still open to debate (see Krispin et al., 2010).

Mini Case:

Read the article, state the problem, list all the important information by bullet points, and write a recommendation summary and tell the reasons why.

La Boca

Stephanie Wilson must decide where to open a ready-to-wear store sheâs been contemplating for several years. Now in her late 30s, sheâs been working in municipal government ever since leaving college, where she majored in fine arts. Sheâs divorced with two children (ages five and eight) and wants her own business, at least partly to be able to spend more time with them. She loves fashion, feels she has a flair for it, and has taken evening courses in fashion design and retail management. Recently an old arcade building in the downtown section of her mid-western city had been rehabilitated and had been turned into a new shopping center and was looking for locally based retailers to make this a great local shopping option. This news crystallized her resolve to move now. Sheâs considering three locations.

THE DOWNTOWN ARCADE

The cityâs central business district has been ailing for some time. The arcade renovation is part of a master redevelopment plan for the 1 square mile that constitutes this area. The arcade has a new department store, and the redevelopment already has a design center, and several office buildings already operating. Completion of the entire master plan is expected to take another six years.

Dating from 1912, the arcade building was once the center of downtown trade, but it had been vacant for 15 years. The renovation includes a three-level shopping facility, low-rate garage with validated parking, and convention center complex. Forty shops are planned for the first (ground) floor, 28 more on the second, and a series of restaurants on the third.

The location Stephanie is considering is 900 feet square and situated near the main ground floor entrance. Rent is $25 per square foot, for an annual total of $22,500. If sales exceed $285,000, rent will be calculated at 8 percent of sales. Sheâll have to sign a three-year lease.

TENDERLOIN VILLAGE

The gentrified urban area of the city where Stephanie lives is nicknamed Tenderloin Village because of its past life as part of the meat packing area. Today, however, the neat, well-kept brownstones and comfortable neighborhood make it feel like a yuppie enclave. Many residents have done the rehabilitation work themselves and take great pride in their neighborhood.

About 20 small retailers are now in an area of the Village adjacent to the cityâs sports complex with a basketball/hockey arena and an indoor tennis center. Most of them are what might be termed new-American restaurants with menu options that reflect the upscale residents. There are also three 2 small womenâs clothing stores. The sports complex is located about Â¾ of a mile from the center of downtown where the redevelopment plan is taking place.

The site available to Stephanie is on the Villageâs main street on the ground floor of an old house. Its space is also about 900 square feet. Rent is $16,200 annually with no percentage of sales clause. The landlord knows Stephanie, but will still require a two-year lease.

APPLETREE MALL

This suburban mall has been open for eight years. A successful regional center, it has three department stores and 100 smaller shops just off a major interstate highway about eight miles from downtown. Of its nine womenâs clothing retailers, three are in a price category considerably higher than what Stephanie has in mind.

Appletree has captured the retail business in the cityâs southwest quadrant, though growth in that sector has slowed in the past year. Nevertheless, mall sales are still running 10 percent ahead of the previous year. Stephanie learned of plans to develop a second shopping center east of town, which would be about the same size and character as Appletree Mall. But ground breaking is still 18 months away, and no renting agent has begun to enlist tenants.

The store available to Stephanie in Appletree is two doors from the local department storeâs location in the mall. At 1,200 square feet, itâs 33% larger than the other two possibilities. But it is long and narrow â 24 feet in front by 50 feet deep. Rent is $28 per square foot ($33,600 annually). In addition, on sales that exceed $480,000, rent is 7 percent of sales. Thereâs an additional charge of 1 percent of sales to cover common-area maintenance and mall promotions. The mallâs five-year lease includes an escape clause if sales donât reach $480,000 after two years.

Additional Costs

Stephanie knows that rent is only one of many costs that she will incur in opening a store. Fixturing costs (racks, display units, shelving units, etc.) tend to run about $12 a square foot. While this cost can be depreciated over five years, she would still need to purchase it all at one time in setting up the store. And there would be the cost of the inventory. Stephanie has consulted with a number of people in the industry, as well as some national averages compiled by the National Retail Association, and the turnover rate for womenâs clothing should be about 3.5 times a year, with a gross margin of 42%. She knows that this will be useful in determining what would be her initial investment in inventory, since she would have to pay for most of this up-front until she established a line of credit with the suppliers. And then there is the number of employees that she would need. The more hours the store 3 would be open, the more employees and the higher the payroll cost. The location at the Tenderloin Village would allow Stephanie to set her own hours. The Downtown Arcade has mandatory open hours of 10AM â 7PM, Mon.-Sat., with Sunday openings left up to the individual tenant. The parking structure will be open on Sundays with free parking and the department store that is near the arcade is open on Sunday from 12PM to 5PM. However, no stores that are in the arcade are currently open on Sunday. Appletree Mall requires all tenants to be open during mall operating hours, which are 10AM â 9PM Mon-Sat, and 11AM â 6PM on Sunday. Stephanie has about 30 days to make a decision in order to be open by the Christmas selling season.

Stephanie also has a limited budget for opening the store, she has saved up $25,000 and her parents are willing to loan her an additional $35,000 if needed. Stephanie also has a line of equity on her house which could provide an additional $35,000 in funds

blushcat580

Title: Business Structure, Liability, and Partnership Agreement

Develop a hypothetical business you would consider starting with a friend or relative.

Imagine that the friend or relative has sufficient funds to start the business and that you will be doing most of the work (for example, if you were starting a mobile car wash business, you would be procuring the customers and washing the cars).

Imagine also that you will be performing all the bookkeeping functions for the business.

In a written report, prepare the following:

A report to your partner, containing a detailed description of the differences regarding liability with respect to a sole proprietorship, a general partnership, a limited partnership, and a corporation.

A completed partnership agreement, including the following elements ready for signatures using the partnership agreement included.

Example of Partnership Agreement

Detailed description of the business

Names of the partners

Address of the partnership and the partners

Roles of each of the partners as limited partners, being as complete and detailed as possible (you can also be as imaginative as you need to be with titles and responsibilities )

List of assets provided by each partner

Division of income

Division of partnership liabilities (debts)

Method by which the partnership may be dissolved, including what happens in the event of filing for bankruptcy

(NAME), and (NAME), the below signed hereby enter into this Partnership Agreement on behalf of themselves, their heirs, successors and assigns, and set forth following terms and conditions as constituting the Partnership Agreement in its entirety:

1. The partnership shall go by the following name: (NAME).
2. The partnership's principle place of business shall be (DESCRIBE).

3. The first day that the partnership shall begin business is: (DATE) and it will continue until the partners agree to terminate it or until forced to cease its operations by law.

4. The partnership's operations shall be primarily in the following field or area: (DESCRIBE)

5. The partnership shall be capitalized as follows: For each $ (AMOUNT) (dollars) each partner shall receive (#) shares with contribution being made as follows:

Partner A contributes $(AMOUNT) and shall receive (#) shares, the same being (#) % of the total shares available. Partner B contributes $(AMOUNT) and shall receive (#) shares, the same being (#) % of the total shares available. 6. Losses and gains on contributed capital and other property shall be assigned as follows: (DESCRIBE)

The IRS's general allocation rule shall apply, and gains and losses shall be allocated according to the % of total capital contributed by each partner as set out in paragraph 5 above.

7. Profits and losses shall be allocated according to the same percentage allocation set forth in paragraph #6 above. 8. Salary, if any, for the services rendered shall be determined by unanimous approval of the partners.

Project Partnership Agreement

PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT

10. Each partner shall maintain both an individual drawing account and an individual capital account. Into the capital account shall be placed that partner's initial capitalization and any increases thereto. The drawing accounts shall be used for withdrawal of amounts, the size of which is limited to $(AMOUNT) on any one day.

11. Adequate accounting records shall be made and maintained. Any partner or his/her agent may review any and all accounting or other records at anytime.

12. The partners designate the following as the Partnership's business and checking accounts into which all the funds of the Partnership shall be placed and maintained: (DESCRIBE)

13. Accounting records and books shall be kept on a (select one) 1. cash basis 2. accrual basis and the fiscal year shall begin on the (#) day of (MONTH) and shall end (#) day of (MONTH).

14. At the close of the fiscal year, there shall be an annual audit conducted by the following accounting firm: (DESCRIBE)

15. The partnership shall dissolve upon the retirement, death, or incapacity of any partner unless the remaining partner elects the option of buying out that partner's share. (DESCRIBE THE DETAILS)

16. Upon termination or dissolution of the Partnership, the Partnership will be promptly liquidated, with all debts being paid first, prior to any distribution of the remaining funds. Distribution shall be made according to the percentage of ownership as set out in paragraph #5 above.

17. Any controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this Agreement, or the breach thereof, shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Commercial Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association, and judgment upon the award rendered by the arbitrator(s) may be entered in any court having jurisdiction thereof.

Project Partnership Agreement

9. Control and management of the partnership shall be split equally amongst the partners.

So agreed, this (#) day of (MONTH), 20 .

________________________ (NAME) ________________________ (NAME)

Review - make sure the following items are included in this agreement!

Detailed description of the business

Names of the partners

Address of the partnership and the partners

Roles of each of the partnersâbe as complete and detailed as possible

List of assets provided by each partner

Division of income

Division of partnership liabilities (debts)

Method by which the partnership may be dissolved

RELG 252 Lecture Notes - Prakaram, Shaktism, Temple

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