BIOL 1000 Chapter Notes - Chapter 4: Atp Hydrolysis, Chemical Energy, Endergonic Reaction

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peachmarten992

25 Nov 2013

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Enzymes speed up rates of reactions without the need for an increase in temperature. In the cell, a group of enzymes called phosphatases catalyze the removal of phosphate groups from a range of molecules including proteins. The dephosphorylation reaction occurs using a phosphatase enzyme. 4. 1 energy and the laws of thermodynamics. Energy is the capacity to do work. Energy can be converted from one form to another. Example: in photosynthesis, energy of light is converted into chemical energy in the form of complex sugars and other organic molecules. Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by an object because it is in motion. Examples: waves, falling rock, flow of electrons and heat. It can perform work by making other objects move. It is the energy an object has because of its location or chemical structure. The arrangement of atoms in a molecule of glucose or gasoline has potential energy stored in the specific arrangement of atoms.

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Question 1 When energy changes from one form to another, some of the energy that can be used to do work is always lost. The loss of this energy is mostly in the form of _________.
a. heat
b. potential energy
c. kinetic energy
d. light energy
e. mechanical energy

Question 2 Which of the following is exergonic?
a. binding fatty acids and glycerol molecules together to form lipids
b. building proteins from amino acids
c. binding sugars molecules together to form glycogen
d. breaking bonds in starch to release glucose
e. adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

Question 3 The first law of thermodynamics states that:
a. energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
b. the universe is increasing in entropy.
c. all living organisms must eat to derive energy.
d. energy is required to bring molecules into a cell against a concentration gradient.
e. in energy-yielding reactions, matter goes from a more-ordered to a less-ordered state.

Question 4 Which of the following is true of energy?
a. It can be transferred from one form to another with 100 percent efficiency.
b. It can be created.
c. It can be stored in chemical bonds.
d. It can never be stored.
e. It can be released by forming chemical bonds.

Question 5 Metabolism is:
a. the sum of all the energy a cell uses.
b. the sum of all the vitamins a cell contains.
c. the sum of all the enzymes a cell contains.
d. the sum of all the chemical reactions that an organism carries out.
e. the sum of all the ATP a cell contains.

Question 6 Entropy is the measure of ________ in a system.
a. disorder
b. order
c. energy
d. work
e. heat

Question 7 What percentage of the energy stored in glucose are humans cells able to use to do useful work?
a. 37%
b. 100%
c. 15%
d. 52%
e. 48%

Question 8 What is activation energy?
a. the energy gained by living things, allowing them to remain active
b. the energy produced by the breakdown of ATP to ADP.
c. the energy required to initiate or begin a chemical reaction
d. the energy created by enzymes during exergonic reactions
e. the energy lost by living things in the form of heat

Question 9 Which of the following is true of allosteric enzymes?
a. Their activity can be reduced when the product binds the enzyme.
b. Their activity can be reduced when a coenzyme binds to them.
c. Their activity can be reduced when the substrate binds the enzyme.
d. Their activity can be increased when the product binds the enzyme.

Question 10 Which of the following is a true statement about enzymes?
a. They are made of proteins.
b. They are altered by the reactions they catalyze.
c. They increase the energy of activation of chemical reactions.
d. All of the above are true.
e. None of the above is true.

Question 11 What is the energy currency of cells?
a. ADP
b. enzymes
c. glucose
d. vitamins
e. ATP

Question 12 Kinetic energy is ____________, while potential energy is _____________.
a. stored energy; energy that is being used
b. stored energy; energy that can't be used
c. energy that is being used; stored energy
d. energy that can't be used; stored energy

Question 13 The energy released during ________ reactions can be used to drive ________ reactions, and this is called ________ reactions.
a. exergonic; endergonic; coupled
b. endergonic; exergonic; coupled
c. exergonic; endergonic; mutually dependent
d. coupled; mutually dependent; independent
e. endergonic; exergonic; mutually dependent

Question 14 ADP + P + Energy --> ATP Which of the following is a true statement about the chemical reaction above?
a. This is a coupled reaction.
b. This is an exergonic reaction.
c. The product of the reaction contains more energy than that of all of the reactants combined.
d. This is an endergonic reaction.
e. This is an example of a catabolic reaction.

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Question 1

Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. This means that

	A.	glucose cannot enter the cell.
	B.	the plasma membrane allows some substances to enter or leave a cell more easily than others.
	C.	plasma membranes must be very thick.

Question 2

Oxygen molecules O₂ crosse a plasma membrane by

	A.	passive transport
	B.	osmosis
	C.	active transport

Question 3

Facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires ________ and moves a substance ________ its concentration gradient.

		A. energy and channel proteins; against (up)
		B. transport proteins that make channels ; down
		C. energy ; down

Question 4

When two aqueous solutions that differ in solute concentration are placed on either side of a semipermeable membrane and osmosis is allowed to take place, the water will

		A. move to the side with lower water concentration
	B.	move to the side with higher water concentration
	C.	move to the side with lower solute concentration

Question 5

Kinetic energy differs from chemical energy in that

	A.	chemical energy is a particular form of kinetic energy.
	B.	kinetic energy is the energy of a moving object, whereas chemical energy is the potential energy of molecules.
	C.	kinetic energy is stored energy that has the potential to do work, and chemical energy is the energy of movement.

Question 6

When a cell uses chemical energy to perform work, it uses the energy released from a(n) ________ reaction to drive a(n) ________ reaction.

	A.	exergonic; endergonic
	B.	endergonic; exergonic
	C.	spontaneous; exergonic

Question 7

When an enzyme catalyzes a reaction

		A. it raises the activation energy of the reaction.
		B. it lowers the activation energy of the reaction.
		C. it is used once and discarded.

Question 8

Which of the following statements regarding enzyme function is false?

		A. An enzyme's function depends on its three-dimensional shape.
		B. Enzymes are very specific for their substrates.
		C. Enzymes are used up when they catalyze a chemical reaction so must be synthesized for each new chemical reaction

1. Energy ______

	cannot be produced by fungi and heterotrophicorganisms.
	involves ATP in living organisms.
	is the ability to do work.
	usage is governed by the laws of thermodynamics.
	all of these

2. Enzymes, which are usually _______, increase the rate of areaction by ______.

	steroids; increasing the temperature of the substrates
	carbohydrates; contributing electrons to the reaction
	proteins; decreasing activation energy
	lipids; changing the pH of the substrates

3. Why is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) important in cells?

	It accelerates diffusion.
	It stores energy in an easily accessible form that can be usedto do work.
	It is assembled into long chains that make up cellmembranes.
	It acts as an enzyme speeding up chemical reactions.

4. Why are enzymes important to humans?

	Because they can evade the laws of thermodynamics.
	Because they are proteins.
	Because they allow reactions to occur at body temperature.
	Because they increase body temperature.

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BIOL 1000 Chapter Notes - Chapter 4: Atp Hydrolysis, Chemical Energy, Endergonic Reaction

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