PATH 3610 Study Guide - Cardiogenic Shock, Reactive Oxygen Species, Fetus

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8 Dec 2013

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Osmosis- solvent passing from less. concentration to greater. Hydrostatic pressure"- pressure of water , influenced by heart activity, elasticity + recoil of blood vessels, the quantity of blood w. i a vessel, etc. Normally hydrostatic & oncotic pressures are near 0, so contribute little to fluid exchange. Normal capillary, at arteriolar end of capillary bed, vascular hydrostatic pressure (pushing fluid out of vessels) is higher than vascular oncotic pressure (drawing fluid into vessels). Net effect drives fluid into tissues (to deliver nutrients and o2 to tissues). At venular end, v. hydrostatic pressure lower than v. oncotic pressure, driving fluid back into blood vessels, carrying away metabolic waste byproducts of tissue. Usually balanced so gains and losses of fluid equal. Fluid moves out of capillaries at the pores, which permit only small molecules through. Most of this returns to capillary via the pull of the oncotic pressure of the plasma proteins in the capillary.

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QuestionGroup: #37 CNS

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Homework

Which parts of the brain contribute to our social behavior?

Orbitofrontal cortex

Mirror neurons

Amygdala

All of these are correct

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QuestionGroup: #38 CNS2

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Part of the explanation of long term memory is which of the following?

Long term potentiation between neurons and muscle cells

Long term potentiation between neurons

Short term translation

Long term transcription

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QuestionGroup: #39 PNS

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Homework

The somatic component of the peripheral nervous system has which of the following characteristics?

It controls the smooth muscle in the blood vessels so that blood vessels can vasoconstrict or vasodilate

It controls the autonomic nervous system so it indirectly controls heart rate

It controls your skeletal muscle so you can answer this question by pushing on the keyboard

It controls the smooth muscle in your intestinal tract so it controls peristalsis

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QuestionGroup: #40 Smooth/skeletal

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Which of the following is NOT a part of a skeletal muscle cell?

Motor neurons

Nuclei

Sarcomeres

Actin

Myosin

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QuestionGroup: #41 Cardio

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Which part of the circulatory system has the highest pressure?

Veins

Capillaries

Arteries

Aorta

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QuestionGroup: #42 Cardio2

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Homework

Where do the electrical signals originate in your heart?

SA node

Internodal tracts

His-Purkinje System

AV node

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QuestionGroup: #43 Blood pressure

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There was a horrific traffic accident and you run to help the victims. You feel a pulse from his carotid artery ,however the medic comes along and gets no blood pressure as he measures it from the arm. He claims the victim is dead. You think which of the following?

Medic is not correct since it is the difference between heart rate and blood pressure that determines life. No heart rate only means tha the sympathetics have stopped vasoconstricting the blood vessels.

Medic is correct since it is common to not have a blood pressure of 120/80 and no pulse due to stress as was discussed in class.

Medic is incorrect since there is a pulse. This means the person is still alive.

Medic is correct since there is no blood pressure there is no life.

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QuestionGroup: #44 Blood pressure2

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Which side of the capillary bed has the higher oncotic pressure?

venous and lymph

arterial and lymph

lymph

venule side

arterial side

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QuestionGroup: #45 Capillaries

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If the hydrostatic pressure is higher in the interstitial space rather than the capillary, which of the following will occur?

(2),(3)

(1),(2),(3)

(3) Decreased hydrostatic pressure in the arterial end of the capillary

(2) Decreased hydrostatic pressure in the venous end of the capillary

(1) No change in the hydrostatic pressure since this pressure is maintained regardless of external pressures.

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QuestionGroup: #46 Respiration/ ventilation

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Homework

The left atrium is damaged and is generating a great resistance to blood coming from pulmonary vein. What happens due to this pressure?

Back up of blood in the pulmonary artery which causes pulmonary capillary edema

Generation of back flow into the inferior vena cava

Generation of coronary artery edema

Back up of blood in the pulmonary vein which causes pulmonary capillary edema

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QuestionGroup: #47 Respiration/ventilation 2

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Edema in the pulmonary circulation refers to which of the following?

additional fluid in the trachea

additional interstitial fluid

additional surfactant

additional capillary fluid

additional intracellular fluid

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QuestionGroup: #48 Cell communication

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What is the definition of a signaling pathway?

All the proteins in the nucleus

All the cell molecules in the mitochondria

A group of genes that control mitosis

A specific chemical pathway that is activated by the ligand/receptor complex.

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QuestionGroup: #49 Hormone/ menstruation

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Homework

Which hormone directly causes ovulation?

Follicle stimulating hormone

Lutenizing hormone

Progesterone

Estrogen

All of these

Question 6 (1 point)Save Question 6Save
When end-diastolic volume is increased, the force of the myocardialcontraction is increased. This is due to _________?

a shift in the operating point of the myocardial length-tensioncurve

an increased release of calcium

stretch-induced parasympathetic activity

a decreased afterload in the arteries
Question 7 (1 point)Save Question 7Save
Match the vessel characteristic on the left with the appropriatevessel type on the right (each vessel type will be used more thanonce, only 1 BEST answer for each characteristic).

Substance exchange with the tissues takes place in thesevessels

These vessels are the main site of vascular resistance

Active hyperemia directly affects the diameter of thesevessels

Very low resistance vessels that act as a pressure-reservoir due totheir elasticity

These vessels contain one-way valves throughout their length

The walls of these vessels are composed of a single layer ofendothelial cells and a thin basement membrane

Very low resistance vessels that serve as a volume reservoir due totheir compliance

The velocity of blood flow is the least in these vessels

These vessels carry blood back to the heart

Blood flow in these vessels is directly aided by the skeletalmuscle pump

The total cross-sectional area of this type of vessel(cross-sectional area of all these vessels combined) exceeds thetotal cross-sectional area of every other type of bloodvessel

These are the first vessels that carry blood away from theheart

1.
Arteries
2.
Arterioles
3.
Capillaries
4.
Veins
Question 8 (1 point)Save Question 8Save
Which of the following selections correctly completes thestatements: The primary mechanism via which gasses (oxygen andcarbon dioxide), ions, and nutrients are exchanged between thecapillaries and the tissue is ______.

Diffusion

Active transport

Bulk flow

More than one of the above is correct.
Question 9 (1 point)Save Question 9Save
Which of the following changes will favor an increase in absorptionat the capillaries?

An increase in plasma osmolarity.

An increase in interstitial fluid osmolarity.

An increase in capillary fluid hydrostatic pressure.

A decrease in interstitial fluid hyrdrostatic pressure.

More than one of the above selections is correct.
Question 10 (1 point)Save Question 10Save
Correct order the following events that would occur due to a dropin MAP.

Sympathetic activation increases and parasympathetic activationdecreases

Heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and total peripheralresistance increase.

MAP rises.

Baroreceptor firing decreases

redhedgehog584

3. Ms. X is a 35 year old school teacher who suffers from acid indigestion and self-medicates by drinking baking soda dissolved in water.

Which acid-base disorder would you expect to develop in this client?

A. Respiratory Acidosis

B. Respiratory Alkalosis

C. Metabolic Alkalosis

D. Metabolic Acidosis

4. Ms. X is a 35 year old school teacher who suffers from acid indigestion and self-medicates by drinking baking soda dissolved in water.

What effect does metabolic acidosis have on respiratory rate?

	a.	decrease
	b.	increase
	c.	both increase and decrease
	d.	none of the above

5. When comparing systemic capillaries to pulmonary capillaries, which of the following statements is true?

	a.	The hydrostatic pressure at the arteriolar end of the systemic capillary is higher that the hydrostatic pressure at the arteriolar end of the pulmonary capillaries.
	b.	The hydrostatic pressure at the VENULAR end of the systemic capillary is LOWER than the hydrostatic pressure at the VENULAR end of the pulmonary capillaries.
	c.	The OSMOTIC pressure at the VENULAR end of the systemic capillary is LOWER than the osmotic pressure at the VENULAR end of the pulmonary capillaries.
	d.	None of the above

6. The osmotic pressure within a capillary is an absorptive force. The osmotic pressure develops as a result of which of the following?

	a.	carbohydrates
	b.	lipids
	c.	proteins
	d.	nucleic acids

7. Which of the following organs synthesizes albumin?

	a.	kidney
	b.	liver
	c.	spleen
	d.	heart

8. Ascites is due to which of the following?

	a.	liver dysfunction
	b.	reduced plasma albumin levels
	c.	excessive loss of fluid from to capillary into the interstitial space
	d.	all of the above

9. Which of the following diseases is associated with ascites?

	a.	alcoholism
	b.	MALNUTRITION
	c.	both a and b
	d.	none of the above

10. Which of the following tteatments isused to resolve ascites caused by alcoholic liver dicrease

	A.	paracentesis
	B.	liver transplant
	C.	CESSATION OF ALCOHO; COMSUMPTION
	D.	all of the above

QUESTION 11:

At pH 7.4, some of the H₂CO₃ produced from a reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase immediately dissociates into

A. H⁺, CO₂

B. H⁺, HCO₃^-

C. OH^-, CO₂

D. OH^-, HCO₃^-

	a.	.
	b.	.
	c.	.
	d.	.

12. The pH of the patientâs blood is 7.7. The patient is alkalotic and her ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid is

A. 10 to 1

B. 20 to 1

C. 30 to 1

D. 40 to 1

E. 50 to 1

13. THE NORMAL VALUE FOR THE BICARBONATE ION IS WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING?

	a.	240 mEq/l
	b.	24 mEq/L
	c.	40 mEq/L
	d.	none of the above

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PATH 3610 Study Guide - Cardiogenic Shock, Reactive Oxygen Species, Fetus

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