Biology 1225 Chapter Notes - Chapter 24: Resting Potential, Peripheral Nervous System, Passive Transport

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5 Feb 2014

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Chapter 24- neural control and the senses (25) Neurons are the basic units of communication in the nervous system. Neurons detect and integrate information about external and internal conditions. Thus neurons act on muscles and glands in ways that produce appropriate responses. Action potentials are the means by which messages travel along neurons through the nervous system, but chemical signals are required to bridge the gaps between neurons. The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and many nerves. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system. Paired nerves that thread through the rest of the body make up the peripheral nervous system. The brain is complex in both structure and function. In its three main regions - the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain - are the centers that receive, integrate, store, and respond to information.

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Nerve cells that conduct messages are called (1) ____. (2) _____ cells, which support and nurture the activities of neurons, make up less than half the volume of the nervous system. (3) _______ neurons respond to specific kinds of environmental stimuli, (4) ______ connect different neurons in the spinal cord and brain, and (5) ______ neurons are linked with muscles or glands. All neurons have a (6) _______ ________ that contains the nucleus and the metabolic means to carry out protein synthesis. (7) _______ are short, slender extensions of the (6), and together these two neuronal parts are the neuronsâ âinput zoneâ for receiving (8) _____. The (9) _____ is a single long, cylindrical extension away form the (10) ______; in motor neurons, the (11) ______ has finely branched (12) ________ that terminate on muscle or gland cells and are âoutput zones,â where messages are sent on to other cells. A neuron at rest establishes unequal electric charges across its plasma membrane, and a(n) (13) ____ ____ is maintained. Another name for (13) is the (14) _____ _____ _____; it represents an ability for the membrane to be disturbed. Weak disturbances of the neuronal membrane might set off only slight changes across a small patch, but strong disturbances can cause a(n) (15) _______ ______, which is an abrupt, short-lived reversal in the polarity of charge across the plasma membrane of the neuron. For a fraction of a second, the cytoplasmic side of a bit of membrane becomes positive with respect to the outside. The (16) ______ that travels along the neural membrane is nothing more than short-lived changes in the membrane potential. A. Neurons H. Sensory B. Motor I. Endings C. Interneurons J. Disturbance D. Cell body K. Signals (stimuli) E. Axon L. Voltage differential F. Dendrites M. Resting membrane potential G. Neuroglial N. Action potential

azureelk922

Secondary sex characteristics are to appearance as _________ sex characteristics are to reproduction.

	a.	secondary
	b.	tertiary
	c.	internal
	d.	primary

2 points

Question 8

If a person has a damaged hippocampus, which of the following would most likely take place?

	a.	The ability to recall old memories, but no ability to form new ones.
	b.	Lack of response when reflexes are tested.
	c.	An inability to sweat.
	d.	Lack of motor coordination.

2 points

Question 9

The electrical impulse that stimulates the conduction of a neural impulse along an axon is called a(n)

	a.	electric potential.
	b.	action potential.
	c.	resting potential.
	d.	final potential.

2 points

Question 10

A(n) _________ is a nerve cell.

	a.	glial cell
	b.	axon
	c.	dendrite
	d.	neuron

2 points

Question 11

The brain and spinal cord make up the

	a.	autonomic nervous system.
	b.	central nervous system.
	c.	sympathetic nervous system.
	d.	peripheral nervous system.

2 points

Question 12

The gland that produces growth hormone is the

	a.	hypothalamus.
	b.	adrenal gland.
	c.	pituitary gland.
	d.	pancreas.

a) Which of the following statements about the autonomic nervous system is INCORRECT?

A The preganglionic fibres in the parasympathetic division are usually long compared to the postganglionic fibres

B The sympathetic division mediates responses that allow the body to respond to âflight and frightâ situations

C The ganglia of the sympathetic division are usually close to the spinal cord

b) Glutamate is an example of an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that acts via direct synaptic transmission when it is released from presynaptic neurons in the brain

Based on the background information, which of the following is a CORRECT statement regarding events at the synaptic cleft after glutamate is released?

A Glutamate acts by stimulation of receptors on the presynaptic neuron

B The postsynaptic glutamate receptors are in the family of tyrosine-kinase linked receptors

C On the postsynaptic membrane, glutamate activates ligand-gated sodium channels, which are an example of ion-channel linked receptors

D The events at this synapse are an example of electrical transmission

E The pathway of receptor activation includes activation of a signal transduction pathway and production of second messengers

D The adrenal medulla is a sympathetic ganglion

E The parasympathetic nerves arise from the brain stem and the sacral region of the spinal cord

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Biology 1225 Chapter Notes - Chapter 24: Resting Potential, Peripheral Nervous System, Passive Transport

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