FNF 100 Lecture Notes - Prostate Cancer, Health Literacy, Food Security

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whitesea-lion542

20 Feb 2014

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Health disparities came about in the 1980s, before that health was outlined only biologically now health is defined as more than just disease; there was a real paradigm shift. There was a move to a more complex understanding of health & well being including acute & chronic illness. Current defn states that health is a complete state of physical, mental & social well-being & not merely the absence of disease & infirmity. Health depends on the amt of autonomy in ppl"s lives. One of the major findings w/in health disparities literature over the past 15 yrs is that disparities exist over a vast array of health & disease outcomes, including risk factors & behaviours. Health disparities are differences that occur by gender, race & ethnicity, educational level, income level, disability (access-limited mobility), geographic location and/ sexual orientation. These are predictors about health conditions & may depend on amt of health literacy.

Related Questions

I need answers of all question (Answer only if you able to complete it), Thanks

Quiz

True and False

1.Lack of private transportation makes shopping assistance an important service under the Older Americans Act program.

2. Home-delivered meals in most communities are provided by government agencies funded under the OAA.

3. Under the OAA legislation, congregate meal programs were required to provide at least one hot meal five or more days a week in a congregate setting, adult day program, or multigenerational site excluding in rural areas and where it is deemed feasible.

4. Elder abuse includes physical, psychological, and financial abuse as well as neglect

5. Chronic conditions vary across different populations of older adults. Older women are more likely than older men to suffer from chronic arthritis, hypertension, incontinence and asthma

Multiple Choices

1. For both the congregate and home-delivered programs the following is true EXCEPT

a. Services must be targeted at persons with the greatest social and economic need,

b. Attention should be given to low-income older persons, including low-income minority older persons,

c. Older persons with limited English proficiency,

d. Older persons residing in urban areas

2. Per the CDC, the top 5 chronic conditions for Hispanics are:

a) cancer, heart disease, unintentional injuries, stroke and diabetes

b) chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, cancer, unintentional injuries and diabetes

c) chronic lower respiratory disease, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, unintentional injuries and cancer

3. The following is true;

a. As the percentage of persons in the oldest-old category increases, the need for home-delivered meals may increase.

b. Changes in the delivery of health care have an impact on nutrition programs.

c. Programs will be challenged to serve the underserved population in an era of shrinking public and private dollars

d. A and C

e. All the above

4. In accordance with the Older Americans Act each Title III Nutritional program, the program must provide the following Except:

a. Meals must have a minimum of one third of the recommended daily allowances

b. Meals must be prepared with the advice of dietitians.

c. Services should include nutrition screening, nutrition education, nutrition assessment, and counseling.

d. Participants must live independently.

5. Per the CDC, the top 5 chronic conditions for African Americans are:

a) Heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes and unintentional injuries.

b) Kidney disease, heart disease, chronic lower respiratory disease, diabetes and unintentional injuries

c) Heart disease, cancer, stroke, Alzheimerâs disease and unintentional injuries.

d) Kidney disease, heart disease, Alzheimerâs disease, diabetes and unintentional injuries

6. The Senior Farmersâ Market Nutrition Program

a. Was established through the 2008 Farm Bill to increase the consumption of agricultural commodities

b. The purpose of the SFMNP is to provide fresh, nutritious, locally grown fruits, vegetables, herbs, and honey from farmersâ markets and roadside stands

c. The program is aiding in the development and expansion of domestic farmersâ markets and roadside stands

d. All the above

7. Title III Part F: âDisease Prevention and Health Promotion Servicesâ of the Older Americans Act is designed to enhance the well-being of older adults and includes the following services except

a) Health risk assessments, routine health screening, Nutrition counseling and education and Alcohol and substance abuse, smoking cessation,

b) Health risk assessment, weight loss, stress management, smoking cessation, routine health screening and physical fitness

c) Physical fitness, group exercise, music therapy, art therapy, dance movements, Health risk assessment and Nutrition counseling

d) Home injury control services education, Medication management, Information about age related diseases

e) All the above services are included, there are no exceptions.

8. To ensure food insecure seniors have access to nutritional meals the following are some recommendations:

a) Enlist the help of local churches to donate non-perishable goods to seniors

b)Contribute monetary donation and time to local food banks to assist with the distribution of meals

c) Educate seniors on the importance of health and wellness

d) All the above

9. The Elder Justice Act (EJA) includes a comprehensive array of initiatives except

a) Mandates the establishment of an advisory council (federal Elder Justice Coordinating Council) to provide recommendations to the Secretary of Health and Human Services regarding the best coordination mechanisms throughout all levels of government to prevent elderly abuse.

B) Requires formation of an advisory board responsible to develop strategic plans to assure elder justice.

C) Background check for those who have direct contact with elders in long term care facilities

D) Creates the Ombudsman program to protect elders in Nursing Homes

10. The Older Americans Act provide services for caregivers. The following is the list of services this title provides:

a. Assistance in gaining access to private pay services not associated with the Older American Act network

b. Individual counseling and Marriage counseling

c. Respite care

d. Supplemental services, including housing improvement, chore, provision of medical supplies and services

e. Legal assistance to the public at large including, grandparents or older individuals who are caregivers for relatives.

f. C and D

Essay questions

1. Discuss the chronic conditions that are more common among the Non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics and African American elders.

2. Discuss the difference among: Food banks, Brown Bags and Senior Farmers Market.

3. Title III, the largest program under the Older Americans Act, authorizes could you explain and discuss what this title covers.

Provides substantial and thoughtful response, reflection â in-depth and detailed for the following post. Please don't copy past from the web

Tetanus; infamously known as lockjaw. This disease is found worldwide. Non-communicable diseases that will literally make your muscles tighten. Tetanus is not your typical disease. It is not spread person to person but through scraps, cuts, or any open wounds that break the skin. The incubation period for the disease is anywhere from 3-21 days depending on the wound and how contaminated the object was. The bacterium enters through these wounds and attacks the body affecting mostly the muscles. Most cases occur in people who are not vaccinated or do not maintain their boosters. Boosters are needed every ten years to prevent the disease. Although we cannot prevent injuries that cause the body harm we can prevent the disease from affecting our bodies through vaccination administration.

Tetanus cannot be tested but is diagnosed by physical examination conducted by a licensed physician. The diagnosis is based off physical examination and the reports from the patients about the symptoms they are experiencing. Some of those symptoms include; seizures, body aches, muscle spasms, jaw cramping, difficulty swallowing, headaches, fever, sweating, changes in blood pressure, and changes in their heart rate. Other complications can develop depending on a person's individual health and health history.

The best way to prevent Tetanus is by preventing it with the Tetanus vaccination and the boosters that are needed every ten years. This vaccination could be administered by a number of ways. There are four different types of combinations that include the Tetanus vaccination; Diphtherias & Tetanus (DT), Diphtherias, Tetanus, & Pertussis (DTaP), Tetanus & Diphtherias (Td), and Tetanus, Diphtherias, & Pertussis (Tdap).Tetanus is administered at six weeks old, ten weeks old, and fourteen weeks old. Boosters are given three different times during childhood to keep the children up to date on vaccinations that prevent the disease. People affected by Tetanus are not immune to getting Tetanus again like some other known diseases.

According to the CDC (Center for Disease Control) in their article about Tetanus they reported that Tetanus cases have been on the decline by more than 95% because of the increase in vaccinations being distributed worldwide. The CDC also reported that deaths in the United States are on the decline and have declined more than 99%. According to WHO (World Health Organization) in 2016 there are only 13, 502 reported cases globally. They also reported that 86% of the world is covered by the Tetanus vaccination. According to the World Health Organization there are currently 8 countries in the world that have 50% of their population affected by Tetanus. The other 50% are reported to have received their Tetanus vaccination. Majority of those countries are found in the middle of Africa. There are currently 27 countries in the world that 50-79% of their population who have received their vaccinations. There are also 130 countries that have over 90% of their population who have been vaccinated.

Tetanus is a vaccine preventable disease in which everyone can be affected by. Vaccinations are currently a controversial topic everywhere. Vaccinations play an important role in helping prevent disease like Tetanus.

References:

1. About Tetanus. (article). Retrieved September 1, 2017 from https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/index.html

2. Tetanus. (article). Retrieved August 30, 2017 from www.who.int/immunization/diseases/tetanus/en/

silverraven404

Provides substantial and thoughtful response, reflection â in-depth and detailed for the following post. Please don't copy past from the web

Yellow Fever â Another Reason to Hate Mosquitos

Out of the blue one day you begin to run a fever. The fever expands into loss of appetite and vomiting. A few days later, the vomiting continues and you develop jaundice; you even begin to bleed from your mouth, nose, and eyes. Eventually you die. This is the experience of 7% of the individuals who are infected by Yellow Fever (WHO, 2017).

Yellow Fever is a preventable disease that is spread through mosquitos. The disease has the potential to kill its victim (WHO, 2017). It has an inexpensive vaccine that provides a lifelong immunity to the disease (WHO - French Guiana). As of 2016, there have been reported outbreaks of Yellow Fever in six countries; three in Africa, and three in South America (Yellow Fever in Africa and the Americas, 2016).

According to the World Health Organization, Yellow Fever is spread through mosquitos. A mosquito bites an infected carrier (either a person or monkey). The same mosquito then bites an uninfected person or monkey and spreads the disease to that individual. Yellow Fever will incubate in the new carrier for three to six days before symptoms begin to show. The symptoms begin as body aches, fever, nausea and vomiting. It is at this point that the disease is often misdiagnosed as other illnesses and diseases such as poisoning, malaria, hepatitis, etc. Within another three to four days, most patients improve. However, 15% of infected patients will progress to a second stage of symptoms that are much more severe. This stage exhibits symptoms such as jaundice, continued vomiting, and even bleeding out of the mouth, nose, and eyes. The patientâs kidney functions deteriorate and half of these patients will even die (WHO, 2017).

Thankfully, there is a vaccine for Yellow Fever. The vaccine requires ten days to become affective and it will last the entire life span of the patient. The only issue is getting the vaccine to the affected areas and raising awareness of the disease and the vaccine to the population in that area (WHO - French Guiana).

A 2017 report in the Weekly Epidemiological Record, says that in 2016, the world saw six countries where there was a Yellow Fever outbreak. The three African countries where the outbreak occurred are Angola, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Africa had 130 confirmed deaths from Yellow Fever as a result of that outbreak. The death rate was 13.4% of the confirmed cases; this is about double the expected death rate (Yellow Fever in Africa and the Americas, 2016). This high death rate might be attributed to the poor sanitation and lack of access to medical treatment in those areas. According to the World Health Organization, the only way to treat Yellow Fever is with hydration, antibiotics, and supportive care for respiratory failure (WHO, 2017). These treatments are likely less common in East-Central African countries.

The other three countries listed in the 2017 report were in South America. These countries are Brazil, Columbia, and Peru. There were less cases of Yellow Fever in these countries when compared with Africa, but the death rate was a shocking 28.2% (Yellow Fever in Africa and the Americas, 2016)! The same reasons for the high death rate likely apply to these countries as well (poor sanitation and lack of access to medical treatment).

Yellow Fever is a preventable disease that has a simple method of exposure. Most of its victims do not die, and it is currently limited to countries where the mosquito population is less controlled and there is limited access to medical treatment. The World Health Organizations advice is to limit travel to countries where a Yellow Fever outbreak has occurred, but if a person does travel there, they should receive the vaccine ten days prior to their travel. Additionally, the World Health Organization stresses limiting exposure to mosquitos. The World Health Organization proposes that the citizens in these areas should be educated on the disease and its vaccine (WHO - French Guiana). By following these instructions, Yellow Fever should likely be contained to a few countries throughout the world, and possibly even eradicated one day.

References:

Yellow Fever in Africa and the Americas, 2016. Weekly Epidemiological Record, 32, 442-452. Retrieved fromhttp://web.b.ebscohost.com.proxy195.nclive.org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=1b24418c-8c06-466d-8578-4bd75e665959%40sessionmgr104

World Health Organization (August 30, 2017). Yellow Fever âFrance-French Guiana. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/csr/don/30-august-2017-yellow-fever-french-guiana/en/

World Health Organization. Yellow Fever. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/csr/disease/yellowfev/en/

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FNF 100 Lecture Notes - Prostate Cancer, Health Literacy, Food Security

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