BIOL 102 Study Guide - Final Guide: Amphiphile, Ruminant, Peptic Ulcer

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Nutrition & digestion chapter 39 (lecture material & textbook) Autotroph: self-nutrition; harvest energy and store it (plants) Heterotroph: get complex nutrients from environment; eat other organisms for energy (higher trophic level) (animals) A: through digestion: essential nutrients include: essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins. Essential amino acids: easily obtained by carnivores, as meat contains all 20 amino acids. Essential fatty acids: polyunsaturated fats are found mainly in plants (herbivores/omnivores); also obtained from fish or tissue of birds and mammals. Minerals: very small amounts required every day; some minerals are secreted from bone (calcium) and other mineral storage areas into the blood. Vitamins: two types: fat soluble (already stored in body) and water soluble (must be ingested regularly ex. Intracellular digestion: protozoa go through phagocytosis, we protect ourselves from microbes (disease causing) using phagocytosis, yet some have escape mechanisms, phagocytosis is found in the immune system, and white blood cells are very important.

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