Psychology 3190F/G Lecture Notes - Deductive Reasoning, Modus Tollens, Inductive Reasoning
24 Apr 2014
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Going beyond the information given (bruner, 1957) Process of searching through a problem space (newell and simon, 1972) What we do when we are in doubt about how to act, what to believe, or what to desire: focused thinking: goal based, problem solving, decision making, reasoning, unfocused thinking: no intention, creative thinking. Problem: a gap between current state and goal state. Initial state: goal state, givens, obstacles, means (of transforming / solving) Inducing structure: pineapple is to fruit as carrot is to ___________ (vegetable) Arrangement: unscramble this word plpea -> apple. Hunt and ellis, 1993: understand the problem, generate the solution, evaluate the solution. Algorithm: a well defined step-by-step procedure that leads you to the final goal. This guarantees the solution, but however are not always available. Heuristic: mental shortcuts formed by prior experience, easing the cognitive load of the decision. Repeat until no further improvement is found. Reduce ill-defined problem into smaller well-defined problems.
