FOOD-UE 1051 Lecture Notes - Slow Food, Organic Farming, Broccoli

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scarletsnake726

14 May 2014

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Food and identity may 8th 2014 lecture notes. Focus on the quality of the product, local ingredients, Not equal to fast food, corporation, american, Fast food is a globally accepted word so slow food is like a global contrast to it known by everyone ; the name was calculated. Endangered nearing the possible point of extinction broccoli was socially endangered ; kale is the it vegetable. Buffalo = symbol of native americans ; back then it was americana, wild west, Potato eating one thing of something = dangerous because if it gets a disease, the source will be gone. Sardines = plenty of fish go to the endangered list. Sparking wine = illegal to call it champagne in certain areas. Can be produced elsewhere but it cannot be called that; however the name of the one that isn"t produced as much is elevated. Marble workers the economic growth is increasing, and as it peaks, the future looks very bleak.

Related Questions

Hello, could I get some assistance with this question? Thank you.

Read the articles and discuss the problems of Economic Inequality in the U.S.economy, summarize key points and post in the Discussions area:

3) Inequality. On important but irrelevant facts

http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2014/01/inequality-0?zid=293&ah=e50f636873b42369614615ba3c16df4a

Here is the article:

Inequality

On important but irrelevant facts

Should we care more about global or national inequality?

Free exchange

Jan 9th, 2014

by R.A. | LONDON

WRITING on Thomas Piketty's new book, Nicolas Goetzmann notes:

I think that Piketty missed something which might be important: Capital is mobile, workers are not, and in the end, we have this: Gini is reducing on a worldwide basis since 2005.

Scott Sumner adds:

I also like Goetzmann's comment about global Gini coefficients. Liberals should care about global welfare. Are they closet nationalists?

These sorts of remarks are common responses to those pointing out that inequality is soaring across the rich world, and they strike me as very problematic.

It is true, of course, that inequality globally has been falling. And it is absolutely right to say that this trend is hugely important and is contributing to a massive rise in global welfare. We should all be ecstatic about it. But in no way does that development excuse us from caring about and worrying about national income inequality, for a few very important reasons.

The first is that it implies, without ever making an actual argument, that efforts to reduce income inequality within rich economies must necessarily slow reductions in global inequality. Why bring up the global statistic unless you are worried that expressions of concern about national inequality are likely to undermine the global trend? Some egalitarian-minded policies might, of course, but many others would not. I'm not sure why someone would want to stake out the position that subsidized pre-school for disadvantaged children is unnecessary, for example, because global inequality is falling.

Second, while we all should care about welfare globally, we should also recognize that the political salience of the issue is exclusively national. To a first approximation, America's Congress does not care in the least about the status of global inequality. There are no sitting congresspersons from Burundi. National inequality, by contrast, is highly politically relevant. Catch-up in the emerging world has a lot to do with innovation and openness in the rich world. If soaring national inequality undermines political support for policies that facilitate innovation and openness, that's a problem for everyone. It's a pretty basic political economy point that globalization will continue while national polities feel that globalization is broadly in their interest. People who like globalization should therefore be very, very concerned when it doesn't appear to be generating broad-based growth in rich countries.

The third is that inequality is growing within emerging markets. One might be inclined to argue that we shouldn't worry too much about that, since rising inequality is a classic side-effect of rapid development which should go away as emerging economies mature. But one of the most important points in Mr. Piketty's book is that the conventional wisdom that development naturally increases and then reduces inequalities is wrong: the data show that there is no systematic tendency for inequality to fall as an economy matures.

And so we should note that the backlash to globalization and development might well come from within emerging markets, and indeed one would have to be fairly cut-off from the news to miss populist expressions of dissatisfaction across the biggest emerging economies over the past couple of years. What's more, Mr. Piketty's work suggests that as the process of catch-up slows inequality trends within countries will begin to dominate inequality trends across countries, leading global inequality to rise once more.

So yes, global inequality has been falling. That is no reason for people of any ideological persuasion to ignore very worrying trends in national distributions of income and wealth.

orangegnu267

Sam Ellis is worried. As president and CEO of Forward Software,Inc., Sam

introduced a new spreadsheet product, Cinco, to market lastyear. Forward Software has

been developing and marketing high-quality software packages formore than five years,

but those products were mostly computer software languageinterpreters, similar to

Pascal, FORTRAN, and C. These products received excellentcritical reviews, and

because of Forwardâs aggressive pricing and marketing, thecompany quickly captured a

major share of the software market. Buoyed by its wideacceptance, last year Forward

Software decides to enter the applications area for the IBM andcompatible audience,

leading off with Cinco and following up with a word processingapplication, Fast.

The spreadsheet market is dominated by Focus Software, whoseproduct â Focus

A-B-C has an 80% market share. Focus A-B-C was released in 1981,shortly after IBM

personal computer (PC) was introduced, and the two products hadan immediate

symbolic effect. The spreadsheet was a major advance over whatwas available at the

time, but required the extra 16-bit processing power that theIBM PC offered. IBM, on

the other hand, needed an application that would make its PC aâmust buy.â Sales of

Focus A-B-C and the IBM PC took off as a result of theirnear-simultaneous release.

At the time of its release, Focus A-B-C was a superb product,but it did have

flaws. For example, because the software was copy-protected, itcould be installed on a

hard disk, but the original floppy disk has to be inserted eachtime before the software

could run. Many users found this step an annoyance. Anotherproblem with A-B-C was

printing graphs. In order to print a graph, users had to exitthe software and load a new

program, called Printgraf, which would then print the graph.Finally, the product had a

list price of $495, and the best discount price available wasapproximately $300.

However, Focus A-B-C had a unique menu system that was intuitiveand easy to

use. Pressing the slash key (/) displayed the menu system at thetop of the spreadsheet.

The menu allowed the user to make choices and provides aone-line explanation of each

menu option. Compared to the cryptic commands or keystrokesusers had to enter in

other products, the Focus A-B-C menu system was a model ofsimplicity and clarity.

Millions of users became accustomed to the menu system andhailed its use.

Another advantage of Focus A-B-C was its ability to let userswrite their own

macros. Literally a program, a macro allowed a user to automatespreadsheet tasks and

then run them with a keystroke or two.

In 1985, a small company named Discount Software introduced itsown

spreadsheet to the market. Called VIP Scheduler, the productlooked and worked exactly

the same as Focus A-B-C. Pressing the slash key displayed theidentical menu as found in

Focus A-B-C. VIP Scheduler was designed to look and work exactlyas Focus A-B-C so

that users would not have to learn a new system and could startproductive work

immediately. VIP Scheduler also offered two advantages overFocus A-B-C: its list price

was $99, and the software was not copy-protected. Sales for VIPScheduler were strong,

but many consumers, perhaps feeling safer with the Focus name,did not buy the product,

even though critical reviews were positive. VIP Scheduler didfind a receptive market in

academia.

When Forward released its first spreadsheet product, Cinco, itwas hailed by

critics as a better all-around product than Focus A-B-C. It hadbetter graphics, allowed

users to print graphs from within Cinco, and was 100% compatiblewith Focus A-B-C,

but the menu and options were arranged more intuitively. Forusers who did not to invest

time to learn a new menu system, Cinco could emulate the FocusA-B-C menu system.

Both menus were activated by pressing the slash key, and theusers could specify easily

which menu system they wanted. All macros written for FocusA-B-C ran perfectly on

Cinco, provided that the Focus A-B-C menu system was being used.Because of

favorable reviews and aggressive marketing by Forward, Cincoquickly gained market

share. In a move that surprised the industry, Focus recentlysued Discount Software,

publisher of VIP Scheduler, for copyright infringement. Focusclaimed that its menu

system was an original work, and that VIP Scheduler, byincorporating that menu system

in its product, had violated copyright laws. Focus claimed thatthe look and feel of its

menu system could not be used in another product withoutpermission. Sam is certain

that Focus initiated this lawsuit because Cinco has made suchdramatic progress in

gaining a share of the spreadsheet market. Sam is also sure thatFocusâs target is not

really VIP Scheduler, because it has such a small market share,but Cinco.

After discussions with Forwardâs attorneys, Sam thinks that ifhe makes a quiet

overture to Focus to settle out of court, Focus would beamenable to such proposal. This

overture, if settled, would stave off potential negativepublicity when Focus wins its suit

against Discount Software and then follows up with a lawsuitagainst Forward. Based on

projections of Cincoâs sales, Forwardâs attorneys think thatFocus could ask for $5, $8, or

as much as $12 million in damages. Sam believes that theprobabilities of Focus agreeing

to $5, $8, and $12 million are 0.5, 0.3, and 0.2, respectively.Also the settling process

would cost Forward $1 million of the attorneysâ fee.

Sam knows that settling now means an immediate loss of income,in the amount

of one of the three estimates given, plus an admission of defeatand guilt for Forward.

On the other hand, Sam could wait for the outcome of the Focusversus Discount

Software suit. Forwardâs attorneys believe that Focus has a 40%chance of winning its

lawsuit against Discount Software. With a win, Focus would haveits legal precedent to

sue Forward. It is by no means certain that Focus wouldinstitute a lawsuit against

Forward because Forward is a much larger company than DiscountSoftware and could

afford a vigorous legal defense. Also the case against Forwardis not a clear-cut because

Cinco has its own menu system as the primary mode of operationand offers the Focus A-

B-C menu system for those who want to use it. VIP Schedulerprovides only the Focus

A-B-C menu system. However, Forwardâ attorneys believe there isa 90% chance that

Focus would initiate a lawsuit against Forward if Focus wins itssuit against Discount

Software. They also believe that Focus would not initiate anylawsuit if Focus loses its

suit against Discount.

Sam believes that even if Focus sues Forward, he would still tryto settle the case

out of court at that time or decide to go to trial. An attemptto settle out of court at that

time would be more expensive for Forward because Focus wouldfeel secure that it would

win its case against Forward, having already won its lawsuitagainst Discount Software.

Thus Forwardâs attorneys think that Focus would settle for noless than $8 million,

possibly asking for $11 million or even $15 million. Therespective probabilities that

Focus would settle for these amounts ($8, $11, and $15 million)are estimated to be 0.3,

0.4, and 0.3. Also, Forward would have to pay its attorneysroughly $1.2 million to go

through the settling process.

However, if Focus sues Forward and Forward decides to go totrial instead of

initiating settlement proceedings, Forward could lose the case.Forwardâs attorneys

estimate there is an 80% chance that Forward would lose thetrial, resulting in a judgment

of $8 million, $16 million, or $18 million against Forward, withprobabilities of 0.1, 0.3,

and 0.6, respectively. The attorneys also estimate that theirfees for a trial could run

around $2.5 million.

What is Samâs optimal decision strategy and what is the expectedcost of that

strategy. What considerations would you like to bring to Samâsattention?

An outside law firm has recently offered Forward Software for$0.7 million

dollars to conduct a detailed research on the likelihood thatDiscount Software will win

the lawsuit filed by Focus.

This law firm has a reputation in correctly predicting

outcomes of many copyright lawsuits similar to the one Sam mayrun into. In fact, the

prediction accuracy of this law firm in the past is about90%

The outcomes of 90% of the lawsuits were correctly predicted bythe law firm; i.e., P(Law firm predicts

Focus wins | Focus actually wins) = .90 and P(Law firm predictsFocus loses | Focus actually loses) = .90.

. Do you think Sam should

hire this law firm to do a similar study for Forward Software?In other words, is $0.7

million a good price for such a study, and if not, what shouldbe Forwardâs counter offer?

Explain.

FOOD-UE 1051 Lecture Notes - Slow Food, Organic Farming, Broccoli

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