MIP 315A Lecture Notes - Bone Remodeling, Sprain, Anatomical Terms Of Motion
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A 58-year-old obese woman with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and chronic kidney disease is admitted to hospital after a right femoral neck fracture sustained in a fall. Recently, she has been complaining of fatigue and was started on epoetin alfa (erythropoietin) subcutaneous injections. Her other medications include an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, a β-blocker, a diuretic, calcium supplementation, and insulin. On review of systems, she reports mild tingling in her lower extremities. On examination, her blood pressure is 148/60 mm Hg. She is oriented and able to answer questions appropriately. There is no evidence of jugular venous distention or pericardial friction rub. Analyze this case study and answer the next two questions that follow.
Which of the following is true of the pathogenesis of bone disease in chronic kidney disease? (select all that apply)
| In this patient, calcium is poorly absorbed from the gut because of decreased renally generated vitamin 1,25-(OH)2 D3 levels. |
| In this patient, hypocalcemia results and is further exacerbated by high serum phosphate levels from impaired phosphate excretion by the kidney. |
| This patient probably suffers from osteoporosis, accelerated by her underlying renal failure. The pathogenesis of bone disease is multifactorial. |
| In this patient, low serum calcium and hyperphosphatemia trigger PTH secretion, which depletes bone calcium and contributes to osteomalacia and osteoporosis. |
Why was erythropoietin therapy initiated? (select all that apply)
| This treatment is indicated for this patient because of impaired synthesis of erythropoietin by the kidney and thus decreased erythropoiesis. |
| This treatment is used to treat diabetes. |
| This treatment is used to treat bone fracture. |
| This treatment is used to treat anemia seen in chronic kidney disease. |
Case-2: Patient History
A 58-year-old obese woman with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and chronic kidney disease is admitted to hospital after a right femoral neck fracture sustained in a fall. Recently, she has been complaining of fatigue and was started on epoetin alfa (erythropoietin) subcutaneous injections. Her other medications include an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, a β-blocker, a diuretic, calcium supplementation, and insulin. On review of systems, she reports mild tingling in her lower extremities. On examination, her blood pressure is 148/60 mm Hg. She is oriented and able to answer questions appropriately. There is no evidence of jugular venous distention or pericardial friction rub.
Analyze this case study and answer the next two questions that follow.
Case-2: Question-1
Which of the following is true of the pathogenesis of bone disease in chronic kidney disease? (select all that apply)
| A) In this patient, low serum calcium and hyperphosphatemia trigger PTH secretion, which depletes bone calcium and contributes to osteomalacia and osteoporosis. |
| B) | This patient probably suffers from osteoporosis, accelerated by her underlying renal failure. The pathogenesis of bone disease is multifactorial. |
| C) In this patient, hypocalcemia results and is further exacerbated by high serum phosphate levels from impaired phosphate excretion by the kidney. |
| D) | In this patient, calcium is poorly absorbed from the gut because of decreased renally generated vitamin 1,25-(OH)2 D3 levels. |
When increasing the size of muscles or building muscle mass ____________.
| micro tears signal the muscles to grow |
| lactic acid build up triggers muscles to grow |
| muscle soreness indicates the muscles are growing |
| delayed onset muscle soreness indicates the muscles are growing |
Why do bones have a blood supply?
| to allow insulin to be released |
| to prevent bone from being broken down by osteoclasts |
| to bring nutrients and oxygen to the osteoclasts and osteoblasts |
| for storage of hormones |
In a chemical synapse, what is the name of the gap between the transmitting and receiving neurons?
| gap myelin |
| synaptic cleft |
| gap junction |
| synaptic knob |
| synaptic node |
The main difference between an axon and the dendrites is?
| dendrites are not found in brain cells and axons are |
| dendrites receive signals and axons send them |
| axons receive signals and dendrites send them |
| dendrites release neurotransmitter and axons do not |