MODR 1770 Study Guide - Final Guide: Fallacy, Confirmation Bias, Sampling Bias

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burgundygrasshopper138

19 May 2014

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P and q are contradictories, if and only if it is not possible for p and q to have same truth- value one is true and one is false can"t be true at the same time. It is possible for both of them to be false. When p (a statement, an assertion) conflicts with another claim q that we have good reason to accept, we have good grounds for doubting p. When a claim p conflicts with another claim q, and we have no reason for believing one over the other, we should suspend judgment concerning p and q. When a claim p conflicts with our background information, we have good reason for doubting p. Background information sometimes this means common knowledge shared by your peers, sometimes it means your own personal background information. An expert is someone who is more knowledgeable in a particular subject area than most others are.

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Assignment Instructions: The founder of On-Time Technology Products is being pressured by their biggest investor to use cheaper parts that will not last more than one year. Based on your reading of ethics in this PowerPointÂ©presentation, apply ethical reasoning to respond to this big investor regarding your companyâs ethical position on using these cheaper parts.

Checklist:

â¢Review the PowerPoint presentation on consequential, non-consequential, and virtue ethics. below copied in word

â¢Then using an ethical perspective from the above presentation, and apply it to respond to the big investor.

â¢Discuss how your ethical response also complies with providing exceptional customer service. Scenario Background:

On-Time Technology Products (OTTP) sells products relating to time. Their product line consists of a huge assortment of clocks, watches, daytime planner books, and software. Many of their products are unique and innovative. They have been frequently compared to other high-end retailers.. Their products are sold in retail stores, via the Internet, and via catalogs. Their call center is presently in Dayton, Ohio. Mark MacGibson is the new President for On-Time Technology Products. Mr. MacGibson is a graduate from Kaplan Universityâs MBA program. Mary Graff has a Bachelorâs degree in Business from Kaplan University and is the supervisor for the Customer Service Representatives. Mr. MacGibson and Ms. Graffâs plans are to take On-Time Technology Products to a new level of exceptional customer service.

PowelPoint below in word..

An Overview of Consequential, Nonconsequential and Virtue Ethics Theories

What is Ethics?

Ethics is the study of those values that relate to our moral conduct, including questions of good and evil, right and wrong, and moral responsibility.

Consequentialist Theories:

Consequentialist theories claim that the morality of an action depends only on its consequences.

It only considers the result of actions and not principles or rules in determining morality.

Types of Consequentialist Theories:

Ethical Egoism argues that each person should act in their own self interests.

Act Utilitarianism argues that each person should act in a way that produces the greatest happiness for everyone.

Rule Utilitarianism argues that each person should follow rules that tend to produce the greatest happiness for everyone.

Weaknesses of Consequentialist Theories:

Requires person to predict the future and all possible outcomes.

Can easily be used to justify questionable actions (the end justifies the means).

Nonconsequentialist Theories:

Nonconsequentialist theories claim that the morality of an action depends on principles or other factors that are not related to consequences.

Types of Nonconsequentialist Theories:

Divine command theory argues that we should obey the laws of God.

Kantâs Categorical Imperative states that we should always act in a way that is based on reason, duty, and would be considered ethical if everyone acted in the exact same way. Also, people should be treated as an ends and not as a means.

Weaknesses of Nonconsequentialist Theories:

Divine Command requires a high degree of interpretation skills.

Variety of religions makes standards hard to develop for all.

Can be rigid and ignore outcomes

Virtue Ethics:

Virtue ethics seeks to identify character traits of a moral person and develop those with the idea that the virtuous person will act in a virtuous manner. It does not look to principles or consequences.

Virtue ethics was developed among the ancient Greek philosophers such as Aristotle and Confucius.

Virtue ethics enjoys modern support as an approach that avoids many of the problems with Consequential and Nonconsequential ethical theories.

Weaknesses of Virtue Theory:

Difficulty in determining just which characteristics are virtues

Justification for respecting a virtue usually brings one back to either consequences or principles.

Difficulty in applying to specific situations.

Conclusion:

One theory is not enough to cover all possible choices.

Theories can be synthesized to fit oneâs philosophy of life.

One theoryâs weakness is anotherâs strength.

ivorytermite127

Please rewrite this Memo and letter with thsi instructions.

Memo/Letter Make-Over Assignment

PURPOSE

This assignment will improve your composing and editing skillsregarding crafting routine business documents. It will also sharpenyour critical analysis abilities.

PROCEDURE

You will be given a document that is poorly written. It will beabout three-fourths to a page.

Consider the documentâs purpose and audience. Analyze itsstrengths and weaknesses.

Rewrite the document, applying the principles of good businesswriting and document design that you are learning in thiscourse.

On a separate sheet, explain your rationale for making thechanges. Include your observations about the audience, stated (andunderlying) purpose(s), relationship between reader(s) and writer,organizational setting, appropriate tone, level of formality, useof jargon, and any other reasons for the changes.

WHAT TO SUBMIT

Your revised typed memo or letter

Your written analysis and rationale for eachdocument

Graded Memo Rewrite/Makeover

This assignment will be graded. Please rewrite usingcorrect writing style, tone, grammar mechanics, etc. Include youranalysis of the errors you found on a separate page.

Your staff does not like the idea of working at a distant campuson Thursdays, and you have to get them on board with this newmandated change. So, you wrote this Memo below:

To: AllStaff

Subject: Thursday Work Days at Eldridge

Date: Februay 11,2015

From: Your name, Superviser

We have had lot of people not following directions about thework day on Thursdays. All staff is to be working on the Eldridgecampus henceforth on Thursdays. You are to follow directions;disobeyance willnot be tolerated by anyone. Unless you have priorpermission to be at another campus you are to be on this campus onThursdays. The work hours are from 9am to 6pm with one hour forlunch. If you donât abide by these directives you will be writtenup by me. When you are there you should check for neededimprovements or items or things missing to enhance this campus inaddition to using his time for planning and doing your worktask.

Bring your own latops as there is no extra computers at Elridge.The ones that are there are for that staff there.

Thanks and do adhere to these directives.

Sincerely

Your Name

Graded Letter Rewrite/Makeover

Please rewrite using correct writing style, tone,grammar mechanics, etc. Construct a letterhead. Include youranalysis of the errors you found on a separate page.

You work for McDonough Company, 2550 Lockwood Plaza, Beechnut,OH 43443. As the SeniorManager, you ordered 14 new HP laptopcomputers for your senior staff. They were to arrive on Monday,January 19, 2015, but you have not received them. You called butwere told the same thingâthey are on their way. So you decided towrite the letter below.

February 11, 2015

HP Company

1440 Jones Road

Houston, TX 77033

Dear Sir

I have called your office several times and got no satisfactionI sent you a check in the amount of

$16, 689.12 for 14 Hp Model 745 laptop computer. To date, I havenot received them, and I am rather upset to say the least. The copyof my check is attached.

Your company has a good reputation but now I am questioning thatreputation. Why tell me my computers are on the way with no date ofarrival. Yet, when I contacted your Company about this order, P. O.No. 1276 I am told that they were shipped. Well if they wereshipped then why have I not received them?

I want an explanation by phone; my number is 704.678.9112. Iwant an answer no later than February 16 or I will contact mylawyer. I have ordered from your company before and have beensatisfied.

What do I have to do to get these laptops? Is it possible theywere sent else where or were stolen?

This situation has been truly annoying for the staff expectingthese laptops as well as for my business.

I want to here from you.

Regards

Your Name

Senior manager

periwinklelocust27

What is one type of information that can be gathered by archeologists who are studying dental caries (cavities) of ancient populations?

The types of tools used for planting/harvesting grains

How many children the person had

How many conflicts they have been part of

The time of year the person died

The type of plants they may have been consuming

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What is the difference between genetically-modified and transgenic crops?

Transgenic crops are a type of genetically-modified crops, in which scientists have inserted genes from another species.

Transgenic crops are illegal, while genetically-modified crops are not.

Genetically-modified crops are produced using modern techniques, while transgenic crops are produced through classical breeding.

They are the same.

Genetically-modified crops are a type of transgenic crop specifically bred for high yield.

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Vavilov hypothesized that in a crop plant's area of origin we should expect:

Lower genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin.

Greater genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin.

Greater diversity for trans-domesticated species, but lower diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin.

Greater herbivore damage because of increased genetic diversity.

Lower diversity for trans-domesticated species, but greater diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin.

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In what way did Harlanâs theory give rise to Diamondâs theory?

It recognized that agricultural societies were healthier and better fed than hunter-gatherer societies.

It recognized agriculture might have developed by different mechanisms in different parts of the world.

It is a basic case of scientific plagiarism - Diamonds theory is identical to Harlans theory.

It recognized the reason agriculture did not develop in certain parts of the world was because people lacked the intelligence or skill.

Both make the assumption that hunter-gatherers were (and still are) superior to agriculturists.

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What is the difference between classically bred varieties and landraces?

Landraces are grown in dry conditions; classically bred crops are wetland species

Landraces cannot be harvested using domesticated animals; classically bred crops can be harvested using domesticated animals.

Landraces are often (though not always) developed by unintentional processes; classically bred crops are developed by intentionally breeding for desired traits using modern techniques

Landraces are not edible by humans; classical bred crops can be eaten

Landraces have no means of seed dispersal; classically bred crops can readily disperse their seeds

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The inability of plants to move makes it difficult for them to:

Defend themselves.

Disperse seeds.

Create oxygen.

Disperse seeds, defend themselves, and create oxygen.

Disperse seeds and defend themselves.

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Norman Borlaug won the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize for:

Producing the first transgenic plant.

His discovery that plant secondary metabolites play a role in defending plants from insects and diseases.

His work to create improved, high yield crop varieties that helped to prevent starvation.

Creating the FlavrSavr tomato.

His discovery of the area of origin for maize.

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If a plant can grow well all by itself in the wild, yet still retains desirable agronomic traits, the plant is ____________________.

---------------

In discussing the origin of agriculture, the term demographic stress refers to:

A higher incidence of religious practice in societies following the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture.

Lower productivity of un-cultivated plants due to late-Pleistocene cooling.

Hobbes's assertion that hunter-gatherer groups did not posses the knowledge or skills to develop agriculture.

The situation where human populations are greater than the carrying capacity of the environment.

That the stresses on pre-domesticated plant species led to the development of traits that result in the "domestication syndromeâ

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The repeated domestication of grasses (i.e., cereals) and legumes across the globe is likely because:

Human populations were often starving, and needed an additional food source

Only grasses, not legumes, were repeatedly domesticated

Both contain almost all of the amino acids our bodies need to build proteins.

Early technologies allowed early agriculturalists the ability to communicate with each other over long distances to discuss what plants were best for domestication.

Both already possessed all of the traits needed for domestication

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Which of the following best demonstrates evolution?

A houseplant is moved to a sunnier location and it starts to grow more vigorously.

Your pet walks to the door when it hears your car in the driveway.

A giraffe with a longer neck survives a drought year, while one with a shorter neck does not.

Over time, a gene for disease resistance becomes more frequent in a population of plants.

A crop has a higher yield after fertilizer is added.

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Which of the following types of agriculture can be practiced in an urban setting?

Community gardens

Alternative farms (crickets, caterpillars, other arthropods)

All of these types of agriculture can be practiced in an urban setting

Vertical farms

CSA farms

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______________________ compounds are produced by plants, but are not necessary for the plant's immediate survival. However, they often help protect plants from being eaten.

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Brussel sprouts, cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower are all different varieties of the same species, Brassica oleracea. This group of plants demonstrates that crop breeding can lead to:

High within variety and low between variety diversity

Low within variety and high between variety diversity

Low within variety diversity

High between variety diversity

High within variety and high between variety diversity

olivecicada439

MODR 1770 Study Guide - Final Guide: Fallacy, Confirmation Bias, Sampling Bias

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