BIOL308 Lecture Notes - Molecular Cloning, Oligonucleotide, Laparotomy
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View/perform/read ALL THREE of the following prior to answeringthe questions.
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120078/micro10.swf::Stepsin Cloning a Gene (Links to an external site.)
http://www.discoverbiotech.com/wiki/-/wiki/Main/Applications ofCloning (Links to an external site.)
http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/cloning/cloning.htm(Links to an external site.)
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From the list below, which of the following is the most logicalsequence of steps for splicing foreign DNA into a plasmid andinserting the plasmid into a bacterium?
I. Transformbacteria with recombinant DNA molecule
II. Cutthe plasmid DNA using restriction enzymes
III. Extractplasmid DNA from bacterial cells
IV. Hydrogen-bondthe plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA fragments
V. Useligase to seal plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA
IV, V, I, II, III |
III, II, IV, V, I |
III, IV, V, I, II |
II, III, V, IV, I |
I, II, IV, III, V |
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Plasmids (or vectors) are important in biotechnology becausethey are
a vehicle for the insertion of recombinant DNA intobacteria. |
surfaces for respiratory processes in bacteria. |
recognition sites on recombinant DNA strands. |
surfaces for protein synthesis in eukaryotic recombinants. |
proviruses incorporated into the host DNA |
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Plasmids are put into bacterial cells by
restriction enzymes |
DNA ligase |
binding of cohesive sticky ends |
transformation |
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Restriction enzymes usually
cut donor DNA evenly so smooth edges result |
cut donor DNA but do not affect plasmids |
make staggered cuts at specific sequences in DNA in both donorDNA and plasmid |
are used in ligating plasmids into bacterial host cells |
more than one of the above |
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After combining DNA fragments in a cloning experiment, ___ isused to covalently join the DNA segments.
Restriction enzyme |
DNA Ligase |
Reverse transcriptase |
DNA polymerase |
Helicase |
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It is theoretically possible for a gene from any organism tofunction in any other organism. Why is this possible?
All organisms have ribosomes. |
All organisms have the same genetic code. |
All organisms are made up of cells. |
All organisms have similar nuclei. |
All organisms have transfer RNA. |
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Assume that you are trying to insert a gene into a plasmid andsomeone gives you a DNA sample cut with restriction enzyme X. Thegene you wish to insert from the given sample has sites on bothends for cutting by restriction enzyme Y. You have a plasmid with asingle site for Y, but not for X. Your strategy should be to
cut the plasmid with restriction enzyme X and insert thefragments cut with Y into the plasmid. |
cut the plasmid with enzyme X and then insert the gene into theplasmid. |
cut the DNA again with restriction enzyme Y and insert thesefragments into the plasmid cut with the same enzyme. |
cut the plasmid twice with restriction enzyme Y and ligate thetwo fragments onto the ends of the human DNA fragments cut withrestriction enzyme X. |
insert the fragments cut with X directly into the plasmidwithout cutting the plasmid. |
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Which of the following is/are false in regard to expressionplasmids (also called expression vectors)?
They are used to make proteins using a cloned gene. |
They contain a promotor. |
They are the first plasmid type used to clone a gene. |
They contain a terminator. |
More than one of the above is false. |
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What is NOT a potential problem(s) associated with usingbacteria containing a cloned eukaryotic gene (e.g. a human gene) toproduce a functional protein?
If the eukaryotic gene contains introns the bacteria will notremove them and the resulting amino acid sequence will be differentthat that made by a eukaryote. |
The bacteria may not fold the protein correctly. |
The bacteria may degrade the protein. |
All of the above are potential problems. |
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Cloning allows for production of proteins in much larger amountsthan occurs in the cells from which the gene is isolated.
True |
False |
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Question 111 pts
Gene cloning is used to do all of the following except
Make insulin |
Making genetically identical animals (e.g. Dolly thesheep) |
Make vaccines |
Perform Gene Therapy |
Making genetically engineered plants |
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In your
13. The arms of a human and the wing of a bat are _________________ structures, composed of the same bones that have been modified for different functions.
a. | analogous |
b. | vestigial |
c. | homologous |
d. | convergent |
14. Xeroderma pigmentosum is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. People who are homozygous for the disease-causing allele have skin that is damaged by exposure to ultraviolet radiation; this can lead to skin cancer at an early age. The mutation that causes this disorder is in a gene that functions:
a. | to repair DNA by excising (removing) nucleotides damaged by UV light. |
b. | in lysosomes, to break down lipids that otherwise accumulate in the nervous system. |
c. | to produce the UV blocking pigment melanin in the skin cells |
d. | in red blood cells to carry oxygen to the skin. |
15. The Amish are a religious sect descended from a small group of colonists who came to the United States over 200 years ago. Their religious beliefs have kept them isolated from society. The Amish have a much higher than average incidence of both polydactyly (extra fingers and toes) and dwarfism in their communities. This is most likely explained by:
a. | inheritance of acquired characters. |
b. | the founder effect. |
c. | disruptive selection. |
d. | natural selection. |
16. In the structure of DNA that Watson and Crick proposed, the sides of the "ladder" of the DNA molecule are always the same distance apart, making the molecule a constant width. This occurs because when the bases hydrogen bond to form the rungs of the "ladder", a:
a. | purine always pairs with a pyrimidine. |
b. | purine always pairs with a purine. |
c. | pyrimidine always pairs with a pyrmidine. |
d. | The structure of the double helix is not determined by how the bases pair. |
17. The RNA transcript of DNA that travels to the cytoplasm, carrying the instructions to make a protein, is called:
a. | rRNA. |
b. | tRNA. |
c. | mRNA. |
d. | RNA polymerase. |
18. When DNA is replicated, the error rate is approximately one error for every 10,000 nucleotides copied. However, that error rate is reduced to only 1 error for every 1 billion nucleotides. The DNA sequence is "corrected" by:
a. | repeating S phase to see if the error rate is lower the second time around. |
b. | enzymes that proofread the DNA and repair errors. |
c. | messenger RNA during the process of transcription. |
d. | Any errors made during DNA replication cannot be corrected. If errors are detected after S phase, the cell is destroyed. |
19. Mendel's principle of segregation says that:
a. | when gametes are formed, each gamete receives only one allele for a particular gene. |
b. | some genes are dominant to others. |
c. | a testcross must be used to determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype. |
d. | all of the above |
20. Tay-Sachs disease is lethal before reproductive age, but the allele persists in Louisiana French Canadians because:
a. | it is a dominant allele. |
b. | new mutations causing this disease are common in that population. |
c. | it is not expressed in the phenotype of heterozygous individuals. |
d. | the disease is contagious and can be transmitted by nonheritable means. |
21. Physical features that are similar in organisms which are not closely related to each other are most likely a result of ____________. A good example of this is the similarities seen between some marsupial and placental mammals.
a. | natural selection. |
b. | adaptation to similar environments |
c. | convergent evolution |
d. | All of the above phrases can be used to correctly fill this blank. |
22. In humans, which of the following sex chromosome compliments could be found in males?
a. | XY |
b. | XX |
c. | Y |
23. The proteins that are associated with eukaryotic chromosomes:
a. | help to package the DNA within the nucleus. |
b. | are involved in gene expression, through binding with the DNA. |
c. | may be replicating or transcribing the DNA. |
d. | All of these are true of proteins that are associated with eukaryotic chromosomes. |
24. A sequence of DNA nucleotides that contains the information to produce a single protein is a(n):
a. | codon. |
b. | gene. |
c. | polypeptide. |
d. | anticodon. |