BIOL 1201 Study Guide - Polyploid, Reproductive Isolation, Speciation

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2 Sep 2014

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Two organisms that look alike must be the same species. Individuals may look alike but not reproduce and therefore are not the same species or. Individuals may look different but can reproduce and therefore are the same species. (see fig 24. 2) The species category can be conceptualized in many ways: The organisms can produce viable, fertile, offspring; but they cannot produce viable, fertile, offspring with other groups of organisms. If two organisms look alike, they must be the same species. As the dna for more organisms is studied, the placement of organisms within the taxonomic tree becomes based more on the dna. However, biological species are based on the ability to reproduce. Individuals may look similar but not reproduce and therefore are not the same species (see fig 24. 2) or. Individuals may look different but can reproduce and therefore are the same species. (ex.

Related Questions

1. Scientists found that different beak shapes lead to differentmating songs in Darwin's finches. This result best supports whichhypothesis?

	A. Darwin's finches are not different species according to theBiological Species Concept.
	B. Behavioral isolation in Darwin's finches is unrelated to beakshape.
	C. Adaptation to different food sources likely occurred afterreproductive isolation in Darwin's finches.
	D. Adaptation to different food sources indirectly led tobehavioral isolation in Darwin's finches.

2. Which of the following could occur if two partiallyreproductively isolated populations become sympatric? Check allthat apply.

	A. Gene flow between the populations will occur
	B. The populations may eventually become separate speciesthrough reinforcement
	C. The populations will continue to be partially reproductivelyisolated
	D. The populations may eventually lose their geneticdistinctiveness
	E. Hybrids will be inviable or infertile

3. In which population would the rate of genetic drift be thegreatest?

	A large population that is geographically isolated from itsparent population
	A small population that is geographically isolated from itsparent population
	A large population that is not completely geographicallyisolated from its parent population
	A small population that is not completely geographicallyisolated from its parent population

4. Indicate true or false that the following organisms would beconsidered separate species according to the biological speciesconcept. (T/F)

1. Lions and tigers can interbreed successfully to produce viable,fertile offspring, but lions live in open grasslands and tigerslive in dense forests. (T/F)
2. Black bears in the United States can have coat colors rangingfrom blonde to jet black, but bears with different coat colorsoccupy the same habitat and interbreedsuccessfully. (T/F)
3. Many leopard frogs in the eastern United States look the sameand can mate to produce a fertilized egg, but the embryo does notdevelop past the early stages. (T/F)
4. Many of Darwin

cyanbuffalo931

As temperatures in an African savanna increase and rainfall decreases, it would most likely change into

tiaga

desert

tropical rainforest

temperate forest

What is imprinting? Give an example.

fixed assocation, such as hatching ducks recognizing the first animal they see as their mother

a learned behavior, such as a wasp circling during a search for food, so that it can return to its nest

alteration of instinct, such as a spider changing the type of web it weaves depending upon the environment

Opportunistic species

provide extensive care for their offspring

produce many offspring

reproduce later in life

What are the five agents of microevolution?

gamete production; mating; fertilization; caring for offspring; formation of herds

photosynthesis; respiration; mitosis; meiosis; fertilization

mutation; gene flow; nonrandom mating; genetic drift; natural selection

Microevolution is

new species

minor extinction of species

changes in allele frequency in a population

Which of the following is does not help defend against predators?

Toxins made by plants that injure caterpillars feeding on the plant

The large eyespots on a moth's wing that can startle a hungry bird

Thorns on a plant

Many plants have brightly colored fruit and flowers

Humans have a favored birth weight, neither too small nor too large. This is

stabilizing selection

disruptive selection

artificial selection

directional selection

What is a keystone species?

the first organism that populates an area

an organism upon which the entire ecosystem depends

the first fossils found in the earliest rock strata

As temperatures in the Arctic warm, which of the following changes may occur?

Tundra will be replaced by taiga

Taiga will be replaced by tundra

Temperate forest will be replaced by taiga

Tundra will be replaced by desert

Taiga will be replaced by temperate rain forest

What is desertification?

restoration of vegetation and water to deserts

areas adjacent to deserts also become deserts

abandonment of a habitat by animals

Evolution occurs at the level of

individuals

populations

communities

The maximum population that the environment can support is called the

biotic potential

environmental resistance

carrying capacity

replacement reproduction

demographic transition

A population with relatively more pre-reproductive individuals is common in _____-developed countries

less

Endangered species sometimes breed in captivity. Why are such species endangered in the wild?

Their population density is too high

Loss of habitat

Their environment is polluted

Abiotic components of an ecosystem include

only animal life

only plant life

living components only

nonliving components only

both living and nonliving components

Carbon returns to the atmosphere

as carbon dioxide

from respiration of plants

by the burning of fossil fuels

from respiration of animals

All of the answer choices are correct

Why does the Tropical Rain Forest contain an abundance of antibiotic compounds?

The area is crowded, leading to random production of useful compounds

The area is wet. plants had to develop resistance to fungi and bacterial infections

There is a great diversity of plants, leading to random production of useful compounds

The carrying capacity of the environment for a species is determined by

the reproductive rate of the organism

the number of organisms of that species

the state and national wildlife laws pertaining to that species

a complex

the limited productivity of the environment and the environmental resistance to the biotic potential of the organism

An introduced species that breeds and spreads is

resourceful

harmful

native

dominant

invasive

What is disruptive selection?

environmental influences that select against change

environmental influences that promote one phenotype versus all others

environmental influences that promote two or more phenotypes versus all others

Natural selection acts on

individuals

populations

communities

Two populations of birds live in the same area but have different sleep/wake cycles. This is

behavorial isolation

mechanical isolation

geographical isolation

temporal isolation

An insect that resembles the face of a snake avoids predation by

camouflage

warning coloration

mimicry

chemical defense

mutualism

Unselfish acts that help others in a group so that they increase their chances of surviving and reproducing is called

imprinting

mimicry

altruism

learning

instinct

If an environment changes rapidly, organisms with ____ will be more likely to survive and reproduce.

the correct allele frequency

existing neutral mutations

existing beneficial mutations

How did geology influence Darwinâs thoughts?

It demonstrated that the earth was very old, therefore there was enough time for species to evolve

it demonstrated that all continents were similar

it demonstrated the presence of many fossils

The founder effect occurs when

large groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves

many members of a population die, resulting in a great loss of genetic diversity

many members of a population reproduce causing too much genetic diversity within the population

small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves.

The greenhouse effect is due to high atmospheric

Nitrogen

Ammonia

Carbon monoxide

Carbon dioxide

Oxygen

What are the Reproductive Barriers that keep species separate?

lack of food; lack of habitat; lack of potential mates; lack of nesting sites; lack of genetic variation

mountains; canyons; glaciers; bodies of water (for terrestrial animals); areas of land (for aquatic animals)

habitat isolation; temporal isolation; behavioral isolation; mechanical isolation; gamete isolation

What is directional selection?

environmental influences that select against change

environmental influences that promote one phenotype versus all others

environmental influences that promote two or more phenotypes versus all others

Which of the following is correct when describing a predator-prey cycle?

A decline in the numbers of predators causes a decline in the number of prey

A decline in the numbers of prey causes a decline in the number of predators

An increase in the number of predators triggers an increase in the number of prey

An up-and-down cycle will be seen for the prey animal

A seasonal die-off that will occur without the other species present

Why are top-level predators (lions, eagles, humans) so rare in a community?

Only a small amount of the energy is passed from one trophic level to the next

They do not breed as fast as other animals

Because of predation by higher predators

It is difficult for them to learn how to capture prey

Their job is to keep the population size of other animals in check

Alleles conferring bright color to male guppies are common because

they make males less visible to predators

they help males identify each other

they are preferred by females

Organisms that obtain their energy from producers or other consumers are

autotroph

heterotroph

producer

autotroph and producer

heterotroph and producer

What is the environmental impact of strip mining?

lack of trees exposes the surface of the earth, promoting runoff and loss of adjacent trees

removal of minerals from the soil hampers growth of vegetation

it causes a potential increase in volcanic activity

Two populations of squirrels are separated by a mountain range and would not be capable of interbreeding. This is an example of:

behavorial isolation

mechanical isolation

geographical isolation

temporal isolation

What is a danger of overfishing?

humans will become dependent upon fish

selection for smarter fish that can avoid being caught

driving the population back into the lag phase

What is meant by prezygotic versus postzygotic speciation mechanisms?

before versus after formation of a zygote

before versus after meiosis

before versus after gamete formation

The relatively short term changes in allele frequencies within a species or population is

artificial selection

microevolution.

speciation

macroevolution

Avoidance of a location with predators is the result of

imprinting

mimicry

altruism

learning

instinct

What is the difference between Density-Dependent and Density-Independent Factors on populations?

density-dependent factors exert a greater influence when there are more individuals; density-independent exerts the same influence on all individuals regardless of their number

density-dependent factors exert a greater influence on larger, more dense individuals; density-independent factors exert the same impact on individuals of all size

density-dependent factors exert the same influence on all individuals regardless of their number; density-independent factors exert a greater influence when there are more individuals regardless of their number

All of the organisms in a given location or area is termed a

peer group

flock

community

population

herd

The concentration of the pesticide DDT would be highest in

a minnow

a mosquito larva

a seagull

plankton

algae

Our biosphere is

the Earth

the atmosphere

the ocean

land on Earth

fresh and salt water

What is meant by âcarrying capacityâ?

the amount of food produced in an ecosystem

the extent of energy required to maintain an ecosystem

the number of individuals that can be supported by an ecosystem

Species living on another is

resource partitioning

coevolution

symbiosis

predation

niche sharing

One species feeding on another is

competition

a community

an ecosystem

predation

symbiosis

Populations of different species interacting with one another in a natural environment is called

competition

a community

a biome

predation

symbiosis

Which of the following is not a biogeochemical cycle?

ATP cycle

water cycle

carbon cycle

phosphorus cycle

nitrogen cycle

Horses became larger and faster to escape predators. This is

stabilizing selection

disruptive selection

artificial selection

directional selection

In what way did Harlanâs theory give rise to Diamondâs theory?

It recognized agriculture might have developed by different mechanisms in different parts of the world.

Both make the assumption that hunter-gatherers were (and still are) superior to agriculturists.

It recognized the reason agriculture did not develop in certain parts of the world was because people lacked the intelligence or skill.

It is a basic case of scientific plagiarism - Diamonds theory is identical to Harlans theory.

It recognized that agricultural societies were healthier and better fed than hunter-gatherer societies.

What is the difference between classically bred varieties and landraces?

Landraces are not edible by humans; classical bred crops can be eaten

Landraces are grown in dry conditions; classically bred crops are wetland species

Landraces are often (though not always) developed by unintentional processes; classically bred crops are developed by intentionally breeding for desired traits using modern techniques

Landraces cannot be harvested using domesticated animals; classically bred crops can be harvested using domesticated animals.

Landraces have no means of seed dispersal; classically bred crops can readily disperse their seeds

Which of the following types of agriculture can be practiced in an urban setting?

Vertical farms

Community gardens

Alternative farms (crickets, caterpillars, other arthropods)

All of these types of agriculture can be practiced in an urban setting

CSA farms

If a plant can grow well all by itself in the wild, yet still retains desirable agronomic traits, the plant is ____________________.

Plant species that rely on _______ pollination produce much more pollen than those using other methods.

Choose the single best answer

The inability of plants to move makes it difficult for them to:

Disperse seeds, defend themselves, and create oxygen.

Disperse seeds.

Disperse seeds and defend themselves.

Create oxygen.

Defend themselves.

Vavilov hypothesized that in a crop plant's area of origin we should expect:

Greater diversity for trans-domesticated species, but lower diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin.

Greater genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin.

Lower genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin.

Lower diversity for trans-domesticated species, but greater diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin.

Greater herbivore damage because of increased genetic diversity.

What is one type of information that can be gathered by archeologists who are studying dental caries (cavities) of ancient populations?

How many children the person had

The time of year the person died

How many conflicts they have been part of

The types of tools used for planting/harvesting grains

The type of plants they may have been consuming

Brussel sprouts, cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower are all different varieties of the same species, Brassica oleracea. This group of plants demonstrates that crop breeding can lead to:

Low within variety and high between variety diversity

High within variety and low between variety diversity

Low within variety diversity

High within variety and high between variety diversity

High between variety diversity

The repeated domestication of grasses (i.e., cereals) and legumes across the globe is likely because:

Early technologies allowed early agriculturalists the ability to communicate with each other over long distances to discuss what plants were best for domestication.

Both already possessed all of the traits needed for domestication

Both contain almost all of the amino acids our bodies need to build proteins.

Human populations were often starving, and needed an additional food source

Only grasses, not legumes, were repeatedly domesticated

Norman Borlaug won the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize for:

Producing the first transgenic plant.

His discovery that plant secondary metabolites play a role in defending plants from insects and diseases.

Creating the FlavrSavr tomato.

His work to create improved, high yield crop varieties that helped to prevent starvation.

His discovery of the area of origin for maize.

______________________ compounds are produced by plants, but are not necessary for the plant's immediate survival. However, they often help protect plants from being eaten.

Which of the following best demonstrates evolution?

A houseplant is moved to a sunnier location and it starts to grow more vigorously.

Your pet walks to the door when it hears your car in the driveway.

Over time, a gene for disease resistance becomes more frequent in a population of plants.

A crop has a higher yield after fertilizer is added.

A giraffe with a longer neck survives a drought year, while one with a shorter neck does not.

In discussing the origin of agriculture, the term demographic stress refers to:

Lower productivity of un-cultivated plants due to late-Pleistocene cooling.

A higher incidence of religious practice in societies following the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture.

The situation where human populations are greater than the carrying capacity of the environment.

Hobbes's assertion that hunter-gatherer groups did not posses the knowledge or skills to develop agriculture.

That the stresses on pre-domesticated plant species led to the development of traits that result in the "domestication syndromeâ