Biology 2244A/B Chapter Notes - Chapter 9: Multivariate Normal Distribution, Null Hypothesis, Confounding

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7 Dec 2011

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Objective: determine whether association exists btwn 2 variables. Correlation: exists btwn 2 variables when one of them is related to the other in some way. Begin investigation into association btwn 2 variables by constructing scatterplot. Graph in which paired sample data plotted w/horizontal x-axis & vertical y-axis. If exists, want to describe w/equation that can be used for predictions. Each individual pair plotted as a single point. Pattern of points becomes closer to a straight line association btwn x and y becomes stronger. Conclusion largely subjective based on perception of whether a pattern is present. Measures strength of linear association btwn paired x- and y-quantitative values in a sample. Sample statistic used to measure strength of linear correlation btwn x and y. When testing hypotheses or making other inferences about r: sample of paired data is random sample of quantitative data, visual examination points approximate straight-line pattern, outliers must be removed if known to be errors.

Related Questions

Psychology of adulthood and aging;

Here is a question related to adulthood/aging that you think science canât answer:

Does age determine adulthood?

Then you will try to demonstrate how science could answer a related question. (Change the question to): When should a person be considered an adult?

Objectives:

Students should be able to speculate as to why two variables might be correlated, identify what a correlation between variables is not telling us, and anticipate what kind of research studies could further clarify a correlation between variables.

Students should be able to define operationalization, hypothesis, and be able to describe the scientific method by which psychologists study adulthood and aging.

a-First psychological variable

b-Give it a label

c-Briefly describe this variable.

Describe how this variable can be operationalized (that is, describe exactly how you determine which category or which value of the variable applies to a particular person or situation).

Second variable that you believe is related to your first variable.

a-Give it a label.

b-Briefly describe this variable.

c-Describe how this variable can be operationalized.

Once the variables are defined, the next step is to predict the relationship between these two variables by writing a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a prediction about the relationship between two or more variables. For now, assume that there is a causal relationship between the two variables even if it would be impossible or unethical to test a causal hypothesis. This means that changing a personâs score on one of the variables (the independent variable) would cause the personâs score on the other variable (the dependent variable) to change. For example, you might say, âIncreasing the amount of violent television that a person watches will cause that person to exhibit more aggressive behaviors.â

1. (Problem 2) Why is the relation between genotype and phenotype frequently complex for quantitative characteristics?

Multiple genes are involved.
The alleles are usually recessive.
The environment often influences the phenotype.
Answers A and B are both correct.
Answers A and C are both correct.

2. (Problem 6) How is the standard deviation related to the variance?

The standard deviation is the difference between the mean and the variance.
The standard deviation is the square of the variance.
The standard deviation is the square root of the variance.
The standard deviation is the square root of the difference between the mean and the variance.
The standard deviation is the square of the difference between the mean and the variance.

3. (Problem 7) What information does the correlation coefficient provide about the association between two variables?

How strongly two variables are associated
The difference in the mean values of two variables
The magnitude of the difference between two variables
The difference in standard deviation between two variables
The extent to which each variable deviates from its mean

4. (Problem 10) Narrow-sense heritability is due to what type of genetic variance?

Additive
Environmental
Genic interaction
Dominance
Genetic by environment interaction

pearcat127

What are the roles of vasopressin and oxytocin in cognition?

Differential effects of stress and associated hormones on behavior (and neuroanatomic structure) during prenatal vs. pubertal vs. adult stages

Briefly describe the complex bi-directional relationship between the HPA and HPG axes and stress.

What do we know about patterns of HPA activity across development? Seasons?

Relationship of HPA hormones with memory, and mechanisms

Biology 2244A/B Chapter Notes - Chapter 9: Multivariate Normal Distribution, Null Hypothesis, Confounding

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