BIOL 1080 Lecture 2: Lecture 2 Notes

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ambermallard485

10 Jan 2012

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Another way in which biological systems are scaled is from the dimension of time. Change in height is due to fluid levels in, and the shape of, the joints between bones (primarily the intervertebral disks of the spinal column). At the end of a long day of weight bearing on the vertebral column (i. e. sitting, standing, walking, jumping) the disks are narrower. During sleep (laying down), the disks rehydrate and reform back into their original shape. kyphosis (curving of your spine) due to osteoporosis. When we need calcium in our non-bone tissues, we obtain it from the dissolution of the minerals in bone. When we have excess calcium entering the bloodstream from the diet, we deposit calcium in bone. Maintain a stable body mass that is not too thin (bmi >???) *** 90+% of maximal bone density is achieved by age 20 in the average individual .

Related Questions

Based on the review of health development across internationalcountries, develop criteria on how the health and disease levelscan be assessed to create a âquality of life scaleâ for healthorganizations to utilize.

Using a composite measure such as Healthy life year (HeaLY) orHealth-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE), take the countries you usedfor the Unit 2 assignment and apply this composite measure toprovide a quality of life assessment.

Then write a 2-3 page, position paper explaining your rationaleof why you think these measures are good or poor for long-rangeassessments and what can be done to improve this situation. Be sureto include your developed criteria and quality of lifeassessment.

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1. Biological specimens such as urine, stool and saliva samples can be useful for identifying all of the following, except

A risk factors for disease

B characteristics associated with having the disease

C blood pressure

D presence of disease

2. Abstracts provide a glimpse into the content of an article?

A true

B false

3. Acquisition of evidence for improving clinical and public health practices and policies is an example of a societal benefit of health research?

A true

B false

4. Population health research objectives may include:

A identifying and classifying new health problems

B determining risk factors

C evaluating the impact of health policies on health outcomes

D al of the above

5. All of the following are examples of tests of physiological function, except:

A spirometry

B electrocardiography

C audiometry

D all of the above

6. Which is not an example of population based research?

A compare rates of acure lung disease in several metropolitan areas and see whether the rates of disease are correlated with local air quality

B determine whether survival following breast cancer diagnosis is linked to the presencw of certain genes

C conduct a vaccine trial

D analyze biochemical composition of selected foods

7. Health researchers examine all of the following factors that contribute to health and to disease illness disability and death except:

8. ____ is physiological measurements that can be accurately taken after minimal instruction.

A anthropometry

B basic vital signs

C clinical examinations

D biological specimens

9. Population based studies are typically conducted using:

A human subjects

B animals

C research facilities

D none of the above

10. The process of systematically and carefully investigating a subject in order to learn or discover new information about the world is known as?

11. When identifying specific exposures diseases and populations of interest identifying relevant statistics is not helpful.

A true

B false

12. Which of the following is not an example of an adittional assessment that can be conducted as a way to supplement self reported information during the data collection process?

A vital signs

B test of physiological function

C physical fitness tests

D surveys

13. To look for a health science abstract in PubMed one an use all of the following search methods except:

14. When conducting anthropometric measurements, there is no need for the researcher to ensure that the methods used to take these measurements are standardized

A true

B false

15. There is no need to read the full article if the abstract is available.

A true

B false

16. Which of the following is not an example of an examination a clinician can conduct to examine many health states that machines are unable to assess well?

A breath sounds and other respiratory functions

B heart sounds

C heart rate

D the condition of the skin hair and nails

17. Which is not a step in the research process?

A identify a study question

B select a study approach

C report study findings

D all of the above

18. A paragraph length summary of an article chapter or book is known as a

19. Health science abstracts usually provide a brief description of

A study design

B the study populatio

C key findings of the study

D all of the above

20. The goal of every research project is to find and address gaps in the literature and to build on precious work.

A true

B false

21. Which is not an example of laboratory research?

A compare tests of air quality in several metropolitan areas

B identify biological mechanisms for the emergence of drug resistant bacteria

C use a food frequency questionnaire to examine dietary behaviors in a selected population

D develop a new vaccine

22. If clinical examinations are conducted as part of the data collection process an assessment form should carefully describe each component of the examination procedure to be used and diagnostic procedure for each item on the assessment form

A true

B false

23. ____ is the measurement of the size/composition of the human body

A anthropology

B vital signs

C clinical examinations

D biological specimens

24. Health research is considered to be a scientific process only.

A true

B false

25. The goal of any one research project is to contribute vast amount of information that when pooled with other researchers information will provide evidentiary foundation for change

A true

B false

26. Which is an example of health abstract databases available from libraries via subscription

27. All of the following are examples of anthropometric measurements except:

A height

B waist circumference

C skinfold measurements

D blood pressure

28. All of the following are good sources of information that a researcher can use to explore what his primary area of research interest is except:

29. Which of the following is the most important publicly available health science database?

(Finance Healthcare) Keep your response or summary to one page. How Much does the U.S. Spend on Healthcare?â Articule analisys is How much does the U.S. spend to treat different diseases? Information below!

1. Circulatory and ill-defined conditions, such as check-ups, are the largest categories of health spending.Circulatory conditions had been the largest contributor to health spending, for at least a decade, until 2012 when they were surpassed in total spending by ill-defined conditions (a category including check-ups, follow-up appointments, preventive care, and treatment of minor conditions such as colds, flus, and allergies). In 2012, about $250 billion was spent on ill-defined conditions, and $243 billion went toward the treatment of circulatory conditions.

2. The top 5 disease categories account for roughly half of spending. The top five disease-based spending categories (ill-defined conditions, circulatory, musculoskeletal, respiratory, endocrine, and nervous system conditions) account for roughly half (51%) of all medical services spending by disease category. Circulatory and ill-defined conditions each represent about 13% of overall health spending by disease and musculoskeletal, respiratory, and endocrine conditions represent 10%, 8%, and 7% respectively.

3. Spending grew fastest for ill-defined conditions and slowest for circulatory conditions from 2000 - 2012. From 2000 â 2012, among the major disease categories in the chart above, the fastest spending growth was on ill-defined conditions and endocrine disorders.

4. About a third of medical services cost growth was from ill-defined, musculoskeletal, and circulatory conditions. Ill-defined conditions accounted for 16.6% of medical services spending growth. Treatments for musculoskeletal disorders (which include back problems and arthritis) and circulatory diseases were the second and third largest contributors to overall health services spending growth over the 2000 â 2012 period. Together, these three disease areas account for 36% of health services spending growth by disease. While spending on the category of circulatory diseases grew slowest of all disease categories, it still accounts for a substantial portion of overall growth because it is such a large area of spending.

4. Among major disease categories, the cost per case grew fastest for infectious diseases.

The cost of treating infectious diseases has grown faster than any category (the price index for this category grew at an average annual growth rate of 6.1% from 2000 to 2012).

Price indexes in the Health Care Satellite Account differ from official price indexes in that they are not only influenced by the price of a given treatment, but also by greater treatment intensity per visit, shifts from lower-cost to higher-cost treatments, and movement into less restrictive insurance plans.

5.The number of treated cases grew fastest for endocrine disorders and ill-defined conditionsâ. The number of treated cases grew fastest for ill-defined conditions and endocrine disorders, each at an average annual growth rate of 4.3% from 2000-2012. (Because the spending changes above adjust for treatment cost, they primarily represent changes in the number of cases over the time period.)

6. The cost per case has grown faster than the number of treated cases in most years since 2001. Over the 2000 â 2012 period, the cost per case generally grew faster than the number of treated cases. 2012 was the first time in recent years that the number of treated cases grew faster than the cost per caseâ.

7.Increases in prices and service intensity have driven most of spending growth.

Over the 2000 â 2012 period, about 65% of per capita spending growth can be attributed to growth in the cost per case, with the remaining 35% due to non-price factors. (This estimate differs from that previously released by the BEA because the number of treated cases started to drive growth relatively more in the most recent years.)

8. Major disease categories have mostly seen better outcomes along with higher spending. Assessing the value of health care spending is challenging for a number of reasons (including limited availability of outcomes data, differences in categorization between data sources, and inability to control for socioeconomic and other external factors that influence health). Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) are one way to measure health outcomes that account for both premature death and years lived with disability. In the 2005 â 2010 period, the increase in per capita spending generally corresponded with an improvement in DALYs. A study done by researchers at the BEA comparing spending and outcomes across 30 chronic conditions from 1987 - 2010 found that âoverall gains in health outcomes for the population more than offset the increase in the average cost of treatment, suggesting a positive net value for medical spending.â

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BIOL 1080 Lecture 2: Lecture 2 Notes

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