Biology 3466B Lecture : Evolution Notes

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purplejackal117

3 Feb 2012

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Germ theory (1858) and theory of natural selection (1859) happened at the same time. John snow mapped deaths and locations of pumps. The broad street pump was causing the cholera, so once it was removed, cholera cleared up. There was an initial decline in tb death rates starting in the early 1900s due to improved housing, sanitation conditions, and nutrition. The final decline in tb was due to antibiotics. Streptomycin and isoniazid were antibiotics that helped to remove tb even more. This represents the impact of the discovery of antibiotics used to treat tb. Flu virus evolution: the influenza a virus has ten genes on eight strands of rna. Neuraminidase (n) and hemagglutinin (h) are surface proteins. They are recognized and remembered by the host immune system. There are five antigenic sites on h that are most important for immune system/host recognition. Mutations in antigenic sites make the virus unrecognizable to the host, which results in evolution of the virus.

Related Questions

18. Health care professionals are concerned over the rise in antibiotic resistant bacterial strains. Exposure to antibiotics presents a selective environment that favors the evolution of resistance in bacteria. Which lines of evidence suggest that antibiotic resistance evolved a long time ago in bacteria (pre-dating the use of antibiotics by humans)? How and why has antibiotic resistance evolved in bacteria prior to exposure to antibiotic use by humans? What role does exposure to modern antibiotics play in the evolution of antibiotic resistance genes and mechanisms? Based upon the study by Baym et al. 2016, how does the evolution of antibiotic resistance in different bacterial strains inform drug discovery and better design of antibiotics and antimicrobials for human pathogens?

Health care professionals are concerned over the rise in antibiotic resistant bacterial strains. Exposure to antibiotics presents a selective environment that favors the evolution of resistance in bacteria. Which lines of evidence suggest that antibiotic resistance evolved a long time ago in bacteria (pre-dating the use of antibiotics by humans)? How and why has antibiotic resistance evolved in bacteria prior to exposure to antibiotic use by humans? What role does exposure to modern antibiotics play in the evolution of antibiotic resistance genes and mechanisms? Based upon the study by Baym et al. 2016, how does the evolution of antibiotic resistance in different bacterial strains inform drug discovery and better design of antibiotics and antimicrobials for human pathogens?

Evolutionary theory predicted that bacterial resistance toantibiotics would evolve. Given time and sufficient heritablevariability, living organisms including bacteria) will evolve whena selective pressure (like an antibiotic) is introduced. Butevolutionary theory also gives doctors and patients some specificstrategies for delaying even more widespread evolution ofantibiotic resistance. Some of these strategies are givenbelow:

A. Don't use antibiotics to treat viral infections.

B. Avoid mild doses of antibiotics over long time periods.

C. When treating a bacterial infection with antibiotics, takeall your pills.

D. Use a combination of drugs to treat a bacterial infection. E.Reduce or eliminate the "preventive" use of antibiotics onlivestock and crops.

For each strategy, give a justification based on your knowledgeof bacteria and evolution, why this strategy would reduce thetransmission of antibiotic resistance.

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Biology 3466B Lecture : Evolution Notes

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