PHLA10H3 Lecture 2: Week 2 Notes

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azurelocust306

8 Feb 2011

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Deductive validity: conclusion cant say anything that wasn"t already contained in the premises, nondeductive arguments are riskier but you gainyou can reach true conlclusions that go beyond premises risk is you may reach false conclusions from true premises. Nondeductive- go beyond premises and make conclusions in a strong deductive nondeductive inference the premises make the conclusion plausible. Two types of non-deductive inference inductive (particular to general) abductive (general to particular) Involves taking a description of some sample and extending that description to items outside the sample. 60% of the county voters called are democrats. Two factors that affect how strong or weak arguments are: sample size bigger the better. 2. representatives or unbiasedness -- random is better but doesn"t guarantee it wont be biased www. notesolution. com. Assuming something to be true inference to the best explanation. Abductions are not deductive theory could be wrong.

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This is the discussion and conclusion of my scientific posterpresentation please proofread it grammatically and scientificallyand give me any suggestions you have! Thanks.

Here it is:

discussion:

The thrill factors involved in designing thrilling rideseffectively offer the rider different environments, amazingsensations and crazy experiences.

It is currently popular for automobiles to use 10% ethanol / 90%gasoline mixtures (âgasoholâ) as fuel. According to popularconsensus the main benefit of gasohol use is that it âreduces ourdependence upon foreign oil.â We test this assertion by making someelementary calculations. Our analysis will unrealistically ignoreengine maintenance issues associated with older automobiles (suchas gasket and seal hardening), added fuel consumption necessary toproduce grain used as a feedstock in ethanol production,incremental food price increases associated with a reduction ingrain stocks, and many other effects. Gasohol use typically reducesaverage fuel economy by approximately 15% and effectively leavesfuel prices unchanged. This article further debates the wisdom ofethanol use and may be of interest outside the problems:
http://harvardmagazine.com/2006/11/the-ethanol-illusion.html
These concerns and problems have been strongly influenced byconversations with Dr. H.J. Harmon, of the OSU physicsdepartment.

2. Consider a 14.2 mpg 1991 Ford F150 driven 761 miles. Calculatethe pure gasoline consumption of this truck when: a) usinggasoline, and b) when using gasohol (with its attendant economyreduction). Determine the total CO2 emissions for each fuelassuming all fuels produce 20 lbs of CO2 per gallon. Comment uponthe wisdom of using gasohol versus pure gasoline in this vehicle.

Consider three identical spherical conductors. One conductor,labeled A, is given a
charge of 7mC of type Nell. The charge state of the second andthird conductors, B and C, are unknown. The conductors undergo asequence of 3 contacts that occur ONLY between pairs of conductors.After the contacts, the net charge on each conductor is A: (0.25mCof type Nell), B: (1.875mC of type Nell) and C: (1.875mC of typeNell). Letâs make the assumption that the type Paul charge statecorresponds to an excess of electrons.

Because these three spheres are ______________________ the_______________ can be
freely exchanged between any pair of conductors in contact. Sincethese conductive
spheres all have the same size, when the spheres are placed incontact the ______
_____________ will evenly distribute between the two spheres.Because charge is a
property of particles and the particles can not be destroyed ANDthere is no outside
source of charge, the _______________ charge of the ______________must remain
constant at 4mC of type Nell. Based on this information, we candetermine that the
charge of at least one of B or C must be of type_______________.

To determine the order of contacts we must start from the lastcontact and work our way to the first contact. It is important tonote that because we have no initial charge state information forspheres B and C that we have the ability to make an arbitrarydecision about the initial charge state of these two spheres. Inother words, the charge states of sphere B and C areinterchangeable. Third and last Contact: Because spheres ________and _______ have the same charge we can determine that they were______ in contact. If we look at spheres B and C as the system, wefind that the total charge of the sub system consisting of B and Cwas ______________ of type _________.

Second contact: We can safely assume that A touched either B or Cprior to B and C
being brought into contact. Here we can make the arbitrary choicethat B touched A in the second contact. If this is the case, weknow that the charge of B ___________ it touched C must have been______________ of type __________ because it must have the sameamount and type of charge as the final state of _______. Therefore,at this instant we know that the charge on sphere C was________________ of type ____________________ it touched B.

First contact: Now we have an interesting situation. We find thatthe charge state of
sphere C would be consistent with sphere C being initially____________ and being
placed in contact with _______________ since the charge state of Cis exactly
__________ that of ____________ initially. This would mean that thecharge state of
sphere A after contact with ______ would be _____________ of type__________.
However, we already determined that the __________ charge of thesystem containing sphere _______ and sphere _______ in the secondcontact was ____________ of type __________. The only way this ispossible is if sphere B has a charge of __________ of type____________.

Final Results
The initial charge state of sphere Ais:_________________________________________
The initial charge state of sphere Bis:_________________________________________
The initial charge state of sphere Cis:_________________________________________
In the first contact of sphere ___________ to sphere_________________ how many
electrons were transferred from one sphere to the other?
In the second contact of sphere ___________ to sphere_________________ how many
electrons were transferred from one sphere to the other?
In the third contact of sphere ___________ to sphere_________________ how many
electrons were transferred from one sphere to the other?

PHLA10H3 Lecture 2: Week 2 Notes

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