HLTB21H3 Chapter 3: Chapter 3.docx

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amaranthgnu11

27 Feb 2012

School

UTSC

Department

Health Studies

Course

HLTB21H3

Professor

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Document Summary

Textbook chapter 3: six plagues of antiquity. Plagues came to be recorded when we became farmers. Agriculture not only provided a surplus of food for the population but also a condition that is risky to life and will result in a decline of human health. The diseases of antiquity (5000 bc to ad 700) were characterized by parasites with long-lived transmission stages (e. g. , eggs) as well as those involving person-to-person contact . The pharaohs plague (blood fluke or snail fever or endemic hematuria or schistosomiasis or bilharzia): Assyrian, babylonian literature, and egyptian papyrus from kahun in about 1900 bc, tells about a disease in which blood appears in the urine (hematuria). Close to the louvre museum in paris there is a stone from ancient egypt that reads anyone who moves this boundary stone will be covered with bloody urine .

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Provides substantial and thoughtful response, reflection â in-depth and detailed for the following post. Please don't copy past from the web

Tetanus; infamously known as lockjaw. This disease is found worldwide. Non-communicable diseases that will literally make your muscles tighten. Tetanus is not your typical disease. It is not spread person to person but through scraps, cuts, or any open wounds that break the skin. The incubation period for the disease is anywhere from 3-21 days depending on the wound and how contaminated the object was. The bacterium enters through these wounds and attacks the body affecting mostly the muscles. Most cases occur in people who are not vaccinated or do not maintain their boosters. Boosters are needed every ten years to prevent the disease. Although we cannot prevent injuries that cause the body harm we can prevent the disease from affecting our bodies through vaccination administration.

Tetanus cannot be tested but is diagnosed by physical examination conducted by a licensed physician. The diagnosis is based off physical examination and the reports from the patients about the symptoms they are experiencing. Some of those symptoms include; seizures, body aches, muscle spasms, jaw cramping, difficulty swallowing, headaches, fever, sweating, changes in blood pressure, and changes in their heart rate. Other complications can develop depending on a person's individual health and health history.

The best way to prevent Tetanus is by preventing it with the Tetanus vaccination and the boosters that are needed every ten years. This vaccination could be administered by a number of ways. There are four different types of combinations that include the Tetanus vaccination; Diphtherias & Tetanus (DT), Diphtherias, Tetanus, & Pertussis (DTaP), Tetanus & Diphtherias (Td), and Tetanus, Diphtherias, & Pertussis (Tdap).Tetanus is administered at six weeks old, ten weeks old, and fourteen weeks old. Boosters are given three different times during childhood to keep the children up to date on vaccinations that prevent the disease. People affected by Tetanus are not immune to getting Tetanus again like some other known diseases.

According to the CDC (Center for Disease Control) in their article about Tetanus they reported that Tetanus cases have been on the decline by more than 95% because of the increase in vaccinations being distributed worldwide. The CDC also reported that deaths in the United States are on the decline and have declined more than 99%. According to WHO (World Health Organization) in 2016 there are only 13, 502 reported cases globally. They also reported that 86% of the world is covered by the Tetanus vaccination. According to the World Health Organization there are currently 8 countries in the world that have 50% of their population affected by Tetanus. The other 50% are reported to have received their Tetanus vaccination. Majority of those countries are found in the middle of Africa. There are currently 27 countries in the world that 50-79% of their population who have received their vaccinations. There are also 130 countries that have over 90% of their population who have been vaccinated.

Tetanus is a vaccine preventable disease in which everyone can be affected by. Vaccinations are currently a controversial topic everywhere. Vaccinations play an important role in helping prevent disease like Tetanus.

References:

1. About Tetanus. (article). Retrieved September 1, 2017 from https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/index.html

2. Tetanus. (article). Retrieved August 30, 2017 from www.who.int/immunization/diseases/tetanus/en/

silverraven404

**For each answer, explain why when possible.**

1.) Cats contain a chromosome # of 2N=38. How many chromosomeswould be located in a maturing sperm in a feline testis, assumingthat the sperm has entered Meiosis II?

-76
-19
-38
-32

2.) A sperm is small and an egg is large. Why could this be? Canchoose more than one answer.

-Eggs need to be able to move completely outside of the mother forfertilization.
-Eggs are stationary and contain a supply of proteins, mRNAs,stored energy etc of the embryo-to-be.
-Sperm are motile, sometimes traveling considerable distances (on acellular scale).
-Twins will results from eggs that have the same genetic materialoriginally.

3.) Tons of organisms have evolved sex as a means of reproduction.Why? Tough question, choose the one most sensible answer.

-Sex helps an organism reproduce faster than any othermethod.
-Sex allows greater genetic variation in a population.
-Sex allows a species to mutate more accurately.
-Sex speeds up the rate of natural selection on a mutation.

4.) Zoonotic diseases are diseases that can be spread from otheranimal species to us. In this part of the lab we'll be taking somereasonable precautions to make sure that we don't allow unduecontact between their parasites and the interior of our bodies. Whyare we more vigilant about zoonotic diseases for the Gametogenesislab?

-The samples are fresh (they were part of a living organism just aday before)
-The samples are from mammals, so their parasites are closerevolved to us
-We are using sharp tools and razor blades, making access into ourbloodstream potentially easier
-The samples are from warm-blooded animals which have similardiseases to ours

5.) Echinarachnius parma (the common sand dollar) releases largeamounts of sperm and oocytes into the water. To avoid wasting spermwhenever possible, these gamete cells will not self-fertilize. Thismeans that you (Choose one):

-Will need to use sperm and eggs from different individuals inorder to successfully fertilize the oocytes.
-Can use room temperature conditions.
-Don't need to worry where the oocytes came from.
-Should focus your microscope as quickly as possible.

I need answers of all question (Answer only if you able to complete it), Thanks

Quiz

True and False

1.Lack of private transportation makes shopping assistance an important service under the Older Americans Act program.

2. Home-delivered meals in most communities are provided by government agencies funded under the OAA.

3. Under the OAA legislation, congregate meal programs were required to provide at least one hot meal five or more days a week in a congregate setting, adult day program, or multigenerational site excluding in rural areas and where it is deemed feasible.

4. Elder abuse includes physical, psychological, and financial abuse as well as neglect

5. Chronic conditions vary across different populations of older adults. Older women are more likely than older men to suffer from chronic arthritis, hypertension, incontinence and asthma

Multiple Choices

1. For both the congregate and home-delivered programs the following is true EXCEPT

a. Services must be targeted at persons with the greatest social and economic need,

b. Attention should be given to low-income older persons, including low-income minority older persons,

c. Older persons with limited English proficiency,

d. Older persons residing in urban areas

2. Per the CDC, the top 5 chronic conditions for Hispanics are:

a) cancer, heart disease, unintentional injuries, stroke and diabetes

b) chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, cancer, unintentional injuries and diabetes

c) chronic lower respiratory disease, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, unintentional injuries and cancer

3. The following is true;

a. As the percentage of persons in the oldest-old category increases, the need for home-delivered meals may increase.

b. Changes in the delivery of health care have an impact on nutrition programs.

c. Programs will be challenged to serve the underserved population in an era of shrinking public and private dollars

d. A and C

e. All the above

4. In accordance with the Older Americans Act each Title III Nutritional program, the program must provide the following Except:

a. Meals must have a minimum of one third of the recommended daily allowances

b. Meals must be prepared with the advice of dietitians.

c. Services should include nutrition screening, nutrition education, nutrition assessment, and counseling.

d. Participants must live independently.

5. Per the CDC, the top 5 chronic conditions for African Americans are:

a) Heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes and unintentional injuries.

b) Kidney disease, heart disease, chronic lower respiratory disease, diabetes and unintentional injuries

c) Heart disease, cancer, stroke, Alzheimerâs disease and unintentional injuries.

d) Kidney disease, heart disease, Alzheimerâs disease, diabetes and unintentional injuries

6. The Senior Farmersâ Market Nutrition Program

a. Was established through the 2008 Farm Bill to increase the consumption of agricultural commodities

b. The purpose of the SFMNP is to provide fresh, nutritious, locally grown fruits, vegetables, herbs, and honey from farmersâ markets and roadside stands

c. The program is aiding in the development and expansion of domestic farmersâ markets and roadside stands

d. All the above

7. Title III Part F: âDisease Prevention and Health Promotion Servicesâ of the Older Americans Act is designed to enhance the well-being of older adults and includes the following services except

a) Health risk assessments, routine health screening, Nutrition counseling and education and Alcohol and substance abuse, smoking cessation,

b) Health risk assessment, weight loss, stress management, smoking cessation, routine health screening and physical fitness

c) Physical fitness, group exercise, music therapy, art therapy, dance movements, Health risk assessment and Nutrition counseling

d) Home injury control services education, Medication management, Information about age related diseases

e) All the above services are included, there are no exceptions.

8. To ensure food insecure seniors have access to nutritional meals the following are some recommendations:

a) Enlist the help of local churches to donate non-perishable goods to seniors

b)Contribute monetary donation and time to local food banks to assist with the distribution of meals

c) Educate seniors on the importance of health and wellness

d) All the above

9. The Elder Justice Act (EJA) includes a comprehensive array of initiatives except

a) Mandates the establishment of an advisory council (federal Elder Justice Coordinating Council) to provide recommendations to the Secretary of Health and Human Services regarding the best coordination mechanisms throughout all levels of government to prevent elderly abuse.

B) Requires formation of an advisory board responsible to develop strategic plans to assure elder justice.

C) Background check for those who have direct contact with elders in long term care facilities

D) Creates the Ombudsman program to protect elders in Nursing Homes

10. The Older Americans Act provide services for caregivers. The following is the list of services this title provides:

a. Assistance in gaining access to private pay services not associated with the Older American Act network

b. Individual counseling and Marriage counseling

c. Respite care

d. Supplemental services, including housing improvement, chore, provision of medical supplies and services

e. Legal assistance to the public at large including, grandparents or older individuals who are caregivers for relatives.

f. C and D

Essay questions

1. Discuss the chronic conditions that are more common among the Non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics and African American elders.

2. Discuss the difference among: Food banks, Brown Bags and Senior Farmers Market.

3. Title III, the largest program under the Older Americans Act, authorizes could you explain and discuss what this title covers.

HLTB21H3 Chapter 3: Chapter 3.docx

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