BIO 2135 Lecture : Protozoan Key Words.doc

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7 Mar 2012

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9+2 organization: the core of the eukaryotic flagellum in which there are 9 doublet microtubules making the outer ring of the flagellum and 1 doublet on the inside of the tube which provides a rigid backbone. The dynein motor slides across the tubules of this organization to allow for movement. Ammonia: metabolic waste in the form of a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen. It must be expelled from the cell, or transformed into something different as it is toxic in high levels. Amoebozoa: major group of amoeboid protozoa in which the majority move by means of internal cytoplasmic flow. The conversion from the liquid endoplasm to the solid ectoplasm at the hyaline cap is what creates the movement. Apicomplexa: large group of protists which usually possess an organelle called the apicoplast and an apical complex which are involved in penetrating a host"s cell. Asexual reproduction: offspring arise from a single parent, and inherit the genes of that parent only.

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One very diverse group of eukaryotic microbes are protozoa. All protozoa are eukaryotic, unicellular and lack cell walls. Many protozoan are chemoheterotrophs, getting energy and carbon from other organsims. Two groups of protozoans that are photosynthetic are dinoflagellates and euglenoids. Protozoans are divided into six groups: Parabasalids have a Golgi like organelles, a parabasl body, and lack mitochondria. Examples: are 1. Trichonympha which live in the guts of termites and digest cellulose into glucose. 2. Trichomonas which lives in the acidic environment of the human vagina, if the pH is increased, it can proliferate and cause inflammation which might lead to sterility. Diplomonadida lack mitochondria and have two rudimentary mitochondria called mitosomes, two equal size nuclei and multiple flagella. An example of this type of protozoan found in well water or lake water if Giardia, the ingestion of cysts leads to a GI infection characterized by flatulence and diarrhea. This protozon looks owl like in a light microscope because of the two nuclei. Euglenoza Euglenids:lack cell walls, have flagella, are chemoheterotrophic phagocytes in the dark, and have several features unique to euglenids. For one they store energy in a polysaccharide paramylon. They may move by a squirming motion called euglenoid movement. They have a protein pellicle under thier plasma membrane to give the cell shape. Most have a "red eyespot" that helps with phototaxis. Kinetoplastids have a single large mitochondria that contain a kinetoplast Two notable pathogens in this group are Trypanosoma and Leishmania. Alveolates have small membrane bound cavities beneath the plasma membrane called alveoli. In addition, alveolates have tubular mitochondria cristae. There are three subgroups. Ciliates have cilia for motility or to move water past the cell surface. Ciliates are chemoheterotrophic and have two nuclei. The only pathogenic ciliate is Balantidium. Paramecium is a well known pond dweller used to study regeneration. Apicomplexans are chemoheterotrophic animal pathogens. They contain apices which are organelles that contain enzymes that allow the protozoan to penetrate host cells. Three examples of apicomplexans are Plasmodium, cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma.

12. According to CDC toxoplasmosis is a neglected parasitic disease. Cats play an significant role in transmitting the protozoan because cats become infected by eating infected rodents or birds. An infected kitten may shed as many as a million cysts in thier feces for up to 3 weeks after infection. Humans may become infected by changing cat litter boxes or gardening without gloves. Suggest at least two ways a person may prevent infection based on this information. You may also visit the CDC websitehttps://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/gen_info/pregnant.html (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..

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Question 1 Which characteristic(s) of mitochondria andchloroplasts supports their existence as independent prokaryoticcells that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells?

Question 1 options: their size presence of their own DNA theirself-replication by binary fission all of these characteristicssupport that mitochondria and chloroplasts were independentprokaryotic cells that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells

Question 2 Mitochondria originated from __________, which wereengulfed during __________ endosymbiosis. Chloroplasts originatedfrom __________, which were engulfed during __________endosymbiosis.

Question 2 options: aerobic bacterium; primary; cyanobacteria;primary anaerobic bacterium; primary; cyanobacteria; secondarycyanobacteria; primary; aerobic bacterium; secondary cyanobacteria;primary; aerobic bacterium; primary

Question 3 Saved Secondary endosymbiosis refers to the processby which

Question 3 options: prokaryotes acquired chloroplasts.prokaryotes acquired mitochondria. eukaryotic cells engulfedcyanobacteria. eukaryotic cells with mitochondria engulfed aphotosynthetic.

Question 4 Saved Though there are exceptions, __________ is acommon reproductive strategy among protists.

Question 4 options: sexual reproduction by mitosis asexualreproduction by mitosis binary fission asexual reproduction bymeiosis

Question 5 Protists with chloroplasts are __________ that maketheir own food. Protists that lack chloroplasts ___________ and arethus heterotrophic; this group is generally known as__________.

Question 5 options: parasites; ingest food; protozoansheterotrophs; photosynthesize; plankton photosynthetic autotrophs;ingest or absorb food; protozoans green algae; are parasites;plankton

Question 6 An endosymbiotic protist that does not cause diseaseis likely

Question 6 options: plankton. a protozoan. a parasiticheterotroph. a photosynthetic autotroph.

Question 7 The euglenoids are

Question 7 options: euglenoids can be all of these things.photosynthetic organisms with chloroplasts. heterotrophic organismswithout chloroplasts. flagellated freshwater unicellularorganisms.

Question 8 African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease arecaused by

Question 8 options: amoeboids found in zooplankton. euglenoidswith chloroplasts. photosynthetic protists. parasiticflagellates.

Question 9 Amoeboids feed by

Question 9 options: photosynthesis, by which they make their ownfood in their chloroplasts. phagocytosis, which occurs aspseudopods surround and engulf prey. decomposing dead organisms.absorbing nutrients from their surroundings.

Question 10 Foraminiferans and radiolarians

Question 10 options: share a clade with the amoeboids. areamoeboids with shells called tests. have pseudopods, but are notamoeboids. do not have pseudopods, though they do have shells,called tests.

Question 11 A ciliate might have __________, which dischargestructures that are useful in defense or prey capture.

Question 11 options: anal pores trypanosomes contractilevacuoles trichocysts

Question 12 Ciliates reproduce __________ and have __________ tocontrol metabolism and reproduction.

Question 12 options: both sexually and asexually; two types ofnuclei sexually; a single nucleus asexually; two types of nuclei bybinary fission; a nucleoid

Question 13 The nonmotile apicomplexan Plasmodium vivaxcauses

Question 13 options: Chagas disease. vaginitis. African sleepingsickness. malaria.

Question 14 Which phase of Plasmodium vivaxâs life cycle takesplace in the human liver? In the mosquito carrier?

Question 14 options: the sexual phase; the asexual phase theasexual phase; the sexual phase

Question 15 __________ molds are found in forests, fields, andin soil. They exist in two forms, individual amoeboid __________and diploid multinucleated __________.

Question 15 options: Slime; sporangium; flagellated cells Water;sporangium; flagellated cells Slime; cellular slime molds;plasmodial slime molds Water; cellular water molds; plasmodialwater molds

Question 16 __________ are among the most numerous of allunicellular algae in the oceans and produce a major portion of theearths oxygen supply.

Question 16 options: Red algae Sporozoa DinoflagellatesDiatoms

Question 17 The phenomenon known as red tide is caused by

Question 17 options: population explosions in dinoflagellates.population explosions in red algae. built up remains of diatoms.bacterial invasion of the phytoplankton.

Question 18 The seaweed observed on the shoreline in the northtemperate zone, sometimes called kelp, is

Question 18 options: green algae. blue-green algae. red algae.brown algae.

Question 19 Ice cream, sherbet, and cream cheese are made fromalginate, a pectinlike material produced by __________ algae. Anemulsifying agent used in cosmetics and chocolate, as well as thewrappings for sushi rolls are made from extracts or parts of__________ algae.

Question 19 options: brown; green brown; red red; green green;brown

Question 20 Saved Green algae are believed to be closely relatedto the first plants, and are classified as plants by someauthorities, because both groups

Question 20 options: have a cell wall containing cellulose.possess chlorophylls a and b. All of these choices accuratelycomplete this statement. store reserve food in the form ofstarch.

emeraldpanda238

QUESTION 30

The function of centrosome is:

	1.	Microtubule initiation and organization in animal cells
	2.	Organization of thin filaments
	3.	Depolymerization of microtubules
	4.	Organization of intermediate filaments

2.5 points

QUESTION 31

The destinations of proteins synthesized on "free" ribomsomes include:

	1.	Endoplasmic reticulum
	2.	Nucleus
	3.	Mitochondria
	4.	Lysosomes

2.5 points

QUESTION 32

Microtubules can be assembled and disassembled quickly in response to the cellular changes is because:

	1.	Cells synthesize tubulin proteins very fast.
	2.	Cells can turn other cytoskeletal filaments into microtubules
	3.	Microtubules have an instable plus end and microtubules are probably organized by weak non-covalent interactions
	4.	The motor proteins of microtubules can organize the microtubules in response to the cellular changes

2.5 points

QUESTION 33

Both signal recognition particle and a translocon in rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane can recognize and bind to the signal sequence of a secretory protein, so they play the exact same role during protein co-translational translocation.

True

False

2.5 points

QUESTION 34

Rough endoplasmic reticulum is so named is because:

	1.	It has many proteins associated with its surface.
	2.	It has ribosomes associated with its cytosolic surface.
	3.	It is associated with nuclear membrane.
	4.	It has vesicles budding off its surface.

2.5 points

QUESTION 35

The membrane vesicles that transport materials between membrane compartments have a protein coat. The protein coat has similar functions in different vesicles. These functions include:

	1.	Help the enclosed material fold correctly.
	2.	Help degrade the protein in the vesicles
	3.	Maintain the internal pH of the vesicles
	4.	Function as mechanical device to form a vesicle and select the components to be carried by a vesicle.

2.5 points

QUESTION 36

Lysosomes are important for:

	1.	Receptor-mediated endocytosis.
	2.	Breaking down foreign particles brought into the cells by endosomes
	3.	Regulating the process of organelle turnover.
	4.	Protein trafficking between membrane compartments

2.5 points

QUESTION 37

Which of the following is correct about membrane biosynthesis?

	1.	Membranes are synthesized in Golgi Complex.
	2.	Membranes arise from preexisting endoplasmic reticulum membranes.
	3.	Membranes are synthesized on ribosomes.
	4.	Membranes of all organelles have the same composition of proteins and lipids, since they all originate from endoplasmic reticulum.

2.5 points

QUESTION 38

During skeletal muscle contractions, the shortening of the muscle fibers is because of:

		The shortening of the thin and thick myofilaments.
		The shortening of the cytoskeletal filaments.
		The kinesin proteins moving over microtubules.
		The actin and myosin filaments sliding over each other.

2.5 points

QUESTION 39

The assembly and disassembly of microtubules is regulated by rate of growth and shrinkage of the plus end.

True

False

2.5 points

QUESTION 40

The functions of Golgi complex include:

	1.	O-linked oligosaccharides and most of a cellâs complex polysaccharides are assembled in Golgi complex
	2.	Cis Golgi complex sorts proteins
	3.	Trans Golgi complex segregates proteins in different types of vesicles for dilevery.
	4.	N-linked oligosaccharides are further processed in Golgi complex

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BIO 2135 Lecture : Protozoan Key Words.doc

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