BIOB50H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Isocline, Interspecific Competition, Flea Beetle

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jadedolphin901

16 Mar 2012

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A. g. tansley did one of the firt experiments on competition in 1917. He wanted to explain the distribution of two species of bedstraw: galium hercynicum, which was restricted to acidic soils, and g. pumilum, restricted to calcareous soils. Tansley found that if grown alone, each species could survive on both acidic and calcaereous soils. But when grown together, soil type determined which would survive. Tansley inferred that competition restricted the two species to particular soil types in nature. Organisms compete for resources such as food, water, light, and space. Competition can limit the distributions and abundances of competing species. As far back as darwin, competition between species has been seen as an influence on evolution and species distributions. Interspecific competition is an interaction between two species in which each is harmed when they both use the same limiting resource. Intraspecific competition can occur between individuals of a single species.

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Worksheet 5 â Competition

This worksheet is designed to help you:

Understand the differences between intraspecific and interspecific competition.

Determine factors that may drive competition in nature.

Answer/address all of the following questions. In all cases, we require that your work be typed and that you make computer printouts of spreadsheets, graphics, or statistical output.

Provide 2 examples of intraspecific competition and 2 examples of interspecific competition. Cite your sources (16pts). Explain which scenario has more intense competition.

2. Produce a table showing the average number of beans collected by each individual during each foraging experiment (20pts).

An example raw data table is provided below â you are required to make a summary table from this information (hint: do not include raw data, only summary values, in a summary table).

3. Produce a bar graph (or bar graphs) reporting the experiment averages with appropriate error bars for each foraging experiment (16pts).

4. Provide null and alternative hypotheses for each foraging experimentâa total of 5 sets of hypothesis. (6 pts)

(hint: the 5 hypotheses will be (1) intraspecific competition between small beaked birds (experiment A), 2) Intraspecific Competition between large beaked birds (experiment B), (3) interspecific competition for small beans (experiment C), (4) Interspecific competition for large beans (Experiment D), 5) high vs. low density intraspecific competition (average A vs. average E).

5. Perform appropriate statistical tests for each hypothesis (12pts).

(hint: you are attempting to find out if there is a significant differences between two populations â for (i) and (ii) the statistical test will be paired and for (iii) the statistical test will be unpaired)

6. Discuss the results of each statistical test, and explain why you observed these patterns (15pts).

7. Explain how competitionâboth intraspecific and interspecificâdrove the evolution of Darwinâs finches (below) to develop specialized beak shapes? What do the different species compete for, and why are differences in morphology (e.g. bill shape and size) important? (15 pts)

1)In the Arroyo Seco, the Western Toad feeds on beetles, bees, and small aquatic insects. The Bull Frog has been introduced and eats the same foods. The based on this information interaction between these two species can best be described as:

2)Introduced species such as the Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer can damage the communities they are introduced to by:

changing communities to have a uniform distribution

providing food for native species

increasing species richness

spreading new parasites and diseases

3)Species that compete for the same resources often switch to either use different resources or find ways to reduce competition. Why is this often true?

introduced (exotic species) are always going to be the best competitors

to avoid parasites

direct competition harms both species, even the superior competitor

competition only benefits one of the species

Which of the following statements supporting the argument that competition is extremely important in ecological systems is FALSE?

-Competitor species show niche differentiation in space, time, and/or diet.

Coexisting species are always engaged in competitive interactions.

Competitors show negatively associated distributions.

Competitive release has been documented in a number of areas.

Coexisting species that utilize the same resources within habitats may coexist by partitioning those resources.

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BIOB50H3 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Isocline, Interspecific Competition, Flea Beetle

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