RLG100Y1 Chapter 2: Study Guide Chapter 2 -Judaism

Are most invasive (exotic) species K-selected or r-selectedspecies? Explain your choice and why that makes sense in terms oftheir ecological success.

Briefly define a community and an ecosystem and describe how thetwo are interrelated.

Which of the following levels of organization are in order, fromsimplest to most complex.
a. population, organism, community, ecosystem
b. community, ecosystem, population,organism
c. organism, community, population, ecosystem
d. population, ecosystem, organism, community
e. organism, population, community, ecosystem

Mosses growing on bare rock will eventuallyhelp to create soil. These mosses are involved in ___succession.
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary

If a farmer sprays a pesticide onto a field and kills half ofthe insect pests, he has caused a reduction in________.
a. field capacity
b. carrying capacity
c. population size
d. More than one of the above

What type of survivorship curve would you expect for a plantspecies in which only a few seeds are produced and most of thesesurvive to produce adult plants?
a. type I
b. type II
c. type III

An ecological niche is an organism's_______ in anecosystem.
a. location
b. habitat
c. resources
d. function

No matter how rapidly populations grow, they eventually reach alimit and begin to stabilize. This is called the______________.

Unicellular algae live in the tissues of coral animals. Thealgae provide food for the coral, while the coral provides a stablehome for the algae. This is an example of
a. Parasitism
b. Commensalism
c. Mutualism

The vast majority of energy taken into an ecosystemis____________.
a. converted into biomass by plants.
b. utilized by secondary consumers.
c. lost as heat.
d. used by the primary consumers.
e. concentrated in the decomposers.

A farmer is using an insecticide to treat his crops. While mostinsects do not survive their first exposure to the insecticide somehave a gene that enables them to survive. When these survivorsreproduce they will likely pass along this resistance to theiroffspring. This results in an increase in numbers of the insectsover time. Which of the following processes applies to thissurvival?
a. cloning
b. mutation
c. natural selection
d. genetic engineering

What is the ecological relationship between insects andcrops?
a. mutualism
b. competition
c. predation

Sea anemones growing on the backs of crabs without damaging thecrabs are an example of
a. Parasitism
b. Commensalism
c. Mutualism

Which of these is a population density-independent regulatingfactor?
a. Competition
b. Predation
c. Size of population
d. Weather
e. Resource availability

Producers are_________.
a. Autotrophs
b. Herbivores
c. Omnivores
d. Carnivores

If biological magnification occurs, the ___ will have thehighest levels of toxins in their systems.
a. producers
b. herbivores
c. primary carnivores
d. top carnivores

Given the amount of sunlight that hits the plants on our planet,and the ability of plants for rapid growth and reproduction, howcome we aren’t all hip deep in dead plants?

Introduction: The first section of your lab report will be the introduction. In this paragraph or paragraphs, you are to provide information to the reader so that he or she can understand the purpose of the experiment.

Purpose: This should be a concise statement about the lab’s objective.Background: Include a brief summary of the topic you are investigating. Include any information that would be necessary to understand the stated purpose.Findings: State the major result for your experiment.

Procedure: This is the second section in your lab report. This section includes information that the reader would need to repeat your experimental procedure. Do not include any observations or results in this section.

Some questions that you should ask yourself to complete this section include the following. What chemicals did you use? What equipment? How much of each chemical did you use? How long did you perform a step within the procedure?

Observations and Results: This is the third section of your report. In this section, you will communicate what you observed during the experiment. The results section is typically dominated by calculations, tables, and figures. In your tables, label the axes of any graphs

Discussion: This is the fourth section of your report. In this section, you will explain, analyze, and interpret your observations and results. Additionally, you will draw conclusions based on your existing knowledge. This is also where you demonstrate your understanding of the experiment by construing the significance or meaning of the results.

Conclusion: This is the last section of your report and is separate from the discussion section. Within a few sentences, provide a concluding statement about the results of your laboratory. In a scientific publication, this section summarizes the significant aspects and results and identifies implications for future study.

Part 1: Create Standard Curve

For your standard curve, you need to make up 100 ml of each of the following concentrations of salt.

100 parts per million (ppm)500 ppm1,000 ppm5,000 ppm10,000 ppm

Note: 1 ppm = 1 mg / 1 L.

Step 1: Obtain five 250 mL beakers and label them 1–5.

Use the Equipment selection from the toolbar.Select 250 mL beaker from the dropdown menu.Right-click on beaker and select Label.Label the first beaker 1, and write 100 ppm in the Annotated Note area of the dialog box.Repeat with four more beakers, labeling them with numbers 2–5 and the appropriate concentration in ppm.

Step 2: Add 100 mL of water to each beaker.

Right-click on the beaker and select Water.Select Volume Level of 100 mL.Select Room Temperature water.Click OK.

Step 3: Add the appropriate amount of NaCl to each beaker.

Right-click on beaker; select Chemicals.Select Sodium Chloride (NaCl), the last one in the list.Change units to mg. Be sure to do this or your experiment will not turn out correctly.Add the appropriate amount of NaCl to each beaker (see the table below).To mix, right-click on the beaker and select Stirring Rod.

Beaker Number

NaCl Concentration (ppm)

Amount of NaCl to add (mg)

1

100

10

2

500

50

3

1,000

100

4

5,000

500

5

10,000

1,000

Step 4: Measure the conductivity of standard NaCl solutions.

Select the conductivity meter from the Equipment menu. Right-click on the conductivity meter and select Conductivity Meter Mode and then ATC mode.Place the conductivity meter in the first beaker.Select both the conductivity meter and the beaker by drawing your cursor over both objects. You have selected both items when you have a single dotted-line box around both. Go to Arrange on the toolbar and select Combine. (Alternatively, right-click and select Combine.) This action actually places the conductivity meter in the beaker.Record the value on the conductivity meter.Measure the conductivity of Beakers 2–5 and record your results.

Part 2: Determine Conductivity of Unknown NaCl Solutions

Step 1: Obtain three 250 mL beakers and label them 1U–3U.

Use the Equipment selection from the Toolbar.Select 250 mL beaker from the dropdown menu.Right-click on the beaker and select Label.Label the first beaker 1U.Repeat with two more beakers, labeling them 2U and 3U.

Step 2: Add 100 mL of Unknown Brine Solution 1 to Beaker 1U.

Right-click on Beaker 1U.Select the Chemicals menu.Select 100 ml of Unknown Brine Solution 1U.Click Okay.

Step 3: Repeat Step 2 with Unknown Brine Solutions 2 and 3.

Add 100 ml of Unknown Brine Solution 2 to a beaker labeled 2U.Add 100 ml of Unknown Brine Solution 3 to a beaker labeled 3U.

Step 4: Measure the conductivity of Unknown Brine Solution 1.

Select the conductivity meter from the Equipment menu. Right-click on the conductivity meter, and select Conductivity Meter Mode and then ATC mode.Place the conductivity meter in Beaker 1U.Select both the conductivity meter and the beaker by drawing your cursor over both objects. You have selected both items when you have a single dotted-line box around both. Go to Arrange on the toolbar and select Combine. (Alternatively, right-click and select Combine.) This action actually places the conductivity meter in the beaker.Record the value on the conductivity meter.

Step 5: Measure the conductivity of Unknown Brine Solutions 2 and 3.

Repeat Step 4 with Beakers 2U and 3U.Record the values on the conductivity meter.

Part 3: Make Standard Curve

Now, you need to make a graph with the data from your five known samples of NaCl (Tubes 1–5). You will use this graph (called a standard curve) to determine the concentration of the unknown samples of NaCl (Tubes 1U–3U).

Step 1: Using Excel or another graphing program, make a graph of NaCl concentration (ppm) versus conductivity (µS).

When making graphs, you want to have the independent variable on the x-axis and the dependent variable on the y-axis.In this experiment, you know the concentration of NaCl in the first five samples, so concentration is the independent variable and is on the x-axis. You don’t know the conductivity—it depends on the concentration. So, conductivity is your dependent variable and is on the y-axis.If you are using Excel, be sure to select a scatter graph. Your graph should be a straight line; if your graph is not a straight line, you may have plotted it incorrectly.Be sure to give your graph a title and label the axes. A good title might be "The Dependence of Conductivity on NaCl Concentration."A sample graph is shown below.

Step 2: Follow the steps below created your graph

Arrange your standard curve data (Tubes 1–5) in two columns. The first one should be NaCl Concentration (ppm), and the second one is Conductivity (µS) as shown below.

Salt Concentration (ppm)

Conductivity (µS)

1

2.022

5

2.107

10

2.213

50

3.029

100

4.002

Highlight and select all data, including the names of each column.Go to the Insert menu in Excel. Under Charts, select Scatter. Select Scatter with Smooth Lines and Markers. Your graph will pop up.Under Chart Tools, go to Layout.Select Axis Titles, Primary Horizontal Axis Title, Title Below Axis and type in Salt Concentration (ppm).Repeat for the Primary Vertical Axis Title, Rotated Title and type in Conductivity (µS). If you can’t find the µ symbol, just use uS for your units.Under Chart Tools, go to Gridlines.Under Primary Horizontal Axis, select Major and Minor Gridlines.Repeat for the Primary Vertical Axis..Your graph should be plotted on a line graph.

Part 4: Determine Concentrations of Unknown NaCl Solutions

Now you will use your graph to determine the concentration of the three unknown solutions (1U–3U).

Find the conductivity value on the y-axis and go over to the line at that value. Then find the corresponding value on the x-axis. For example, if Sample 1U had a conductivity of 3.25 uS, the concentration of NaCl would be about 60 ppm. Nark it on a line graph

Record the approximate NaCl concentration for each unknown (1U–3U).

STEP 3: Write Your Lab Report

Follow the directions above to write your lab report. Write your lab report in Microsoft Word.

In your lab report, include the following information.

In the results section, include all your data and a copy of your graph.

Answer the following questions in the discussion section.

What were the concentrations of the three unknown brine solutions (Samples 1U, 2U, and 3U)?Why do you have to adjust the conductivity meter to a standard temperature? (25 °C)Why did the conductivity readings increase as the concentration of NaCl increased?You’ve probably heard of hard water. What makes water hard? How could you use a conductivity meter to determine the hardness of water samples?Calculate the molarity of each of the standard NaCl solutions. Be sure to show your work!Remember the following.The molecular weight of NaCl is 58.44 g / mole.1 ppm = 1 mg / 1 L, so 100 ppm = 100 mg / L, and so forth.Molarity = moles / L.

QUESTION 8

Which of these powers are exclusive to the national government?

5 points

QUESTION 9

Which statement is NOT a function of political parties?

5 points

QUESTION 10

According to John Locke, there exists _____ between the governed and the governing.

5 points

QUESTION 11

The British increased taxes on the colonists to help pay for _____.

5 points

QUESTION 12

The Constitution may not be amended.

True

False

5 points

QUESTION 13

The Anti-Federalists feared that the new government was being given too much power.

True

False

5 points

QUESTION 14

American citizens do not vote directly for the president. Citizens vote for electors who cast their ballots in the Electoral College. There are 538 electors which is the sum of ______________.

5 points

QUESTION 15

Which of these is true about the first American militias?

5 points

QUESTION 16

Soldiers from low income homes were motivated by the financial prospects of military service. These enlistees saw the militia as a way of earning income to buy land and subsequently gain independence from their family. Many of them sent money home while they were serving their enlistment.

True

False

5 points

QUESTION 17

The power of the judicial branch to determine if laws are constitutional or not was first defined in Marbury v. Madison.

True

False

5 points

QUESTION 18

In 1870, the 15th Amendment gave the right to vote to all men, including former male slaves.

True

False

5 points

QUESTION 19

Match the President with his famous decision:

5 points

QUESTION 20

Match the special interest group with its special interest