SOC231H5 Lecture : Jan 11.doc

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Rousseau states that it is a society that leads to war and fighting and stops people from being in their natural state (which is one of peace) These thinkers critiqued religion they felt the role of clerical institutions had overstepped its authority and all rules and norms were dominated by these institutions. Is/ought dichotomy comes via negative, critical thinking, use of reason. What is and what ought to be , is and ought are always connected, before the enlightenment, there wasn"t a whole lot of focus on this aspect. Rousseau: perfectibility of humans, but constrained by social institutions (much of his writings are before the french revolution) Man in born free but is everywhere in chains : the dialectical method/perspective. Positivism focuses on true of false, something is either true or false, it cannot be both: marx takes issue with this type of either/or thinking.

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