EEB255H1 Chapter 9: Chapter 9.docx

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taupehorse725

30 Mar 2012

School

UTSG

Department

Ecology & Evolutionary Biology

Course

EEB255H1

Professor

Mart Gross

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Document Summary

Habitat destruction, fragmentation, degradation, and global climate change. Seven major threats to biological diversity that result from human activity are: habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation, habitat degradation (include pollution), global climate change, overexploitation of species for human use, introduction of invasive species, and increased spread of disease. Threats such as habitat destruction, fragmentation, degradation and global climate change happen so quickly and on such a large scale that species are not able to adapt genetically to the changes or disperse to a more hospitable location. Many threats interact additively having a greater impact on species and ecosystems. Seven major threats caused by expanding human population has caused: land surface use agriculture and forestry, nitrogen cycle human activities, fertilizers, fossil fuels, atmospheric cycle cutting down forests and fossil fuels. Human population good predicator of the intensity of threats to biodiversity: exploit resources for short-term gain. Agricultural systems occupy 1/4th of earth"s land surface.

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One consequence of an expanding human population is thefragmentation of other species ranges. Describe the majorconsequences of habitat fragmentation in terms of populationgenetic variation and extinction probability. Contrast theconsequences of current habitat fragmentation with the vicarianceevents that occurred during the Pleistocene

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1) Habitat fragmentation is a big concern to conservationbiologists. How will habitat fragmentation affect evolution bygenetic drift?

a)Habitat fragmentation will increase the effect of geneticdrift, and lead to an increase in variation.

b)Habitat fragmentation will reduce the effect of genetic drift,and lead to an increase in variation.

C)Habitat fragmentation will increase the effect of geneticdrift, and lead to an decrease in variation.

d) Habitat fragmentation will reduce the effect of geneticdrift, and lead to an decrease in variation.

e)Habitat fragmentation will have no effect on genetic drift.Genetic drift will occur whether or not a habitat has beenfragmented.

2) Which scenario would be most likely to promote the evolutionof prezygotic isolating mechanisms between two similar species in ahybrid zone?

a) Hybrid offspring are significantly larger than the parentalspecies.

b) Hybrid offspring have a courtship display identical to thatof one of the parental species

c) Hybrid offspring have low fitness relative to the parentalspecies.

d) Hybrid offspring have high fitness relative to the parentalspecies

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1. The creation of phylogenetic trees from molecular data hasfacilitated the study of many questions in evolutionary biology.Describe one example of how having a phylogenetic tree has added toour understanding of either speciation or adaptation (note: forspeciation it is not sufficient to simply determine how species arerelated to each other). Be sure to compare how this question wouldbe studied in the absence of a robust phylogeny with what is gainedby having a phylogeny for the group.

2. One consequence of an expanding human population is thefragmentation of other species ranges. Describe the majorconsequences of habitat fragmentation in terms of populationgenetic variation and extinction probability. Contrast theconsequences of current habitat fragmentation with the vicarianceevents that occurred during the Pleistocene

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EEB255H1 Chapter 9: Chapter 9.docx

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