POLI 422 Chapter : Managed Participation in China

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Reforms that negatively affect people"s interests may lead to resistance that not only thwarts reform but also threatens social stability and the careers of politicians who are deemed responsible for unpopular consequences. Reforms do not necessarily progress easier in authoritarian regimes versus democracies; while the latter must appeal to and convince the electorate, the experience of the soviet union shows the difficulties inherent in reform. Fiscal reform in rural china has increased financial burdens on peasants, and has led to continual and widespread resistance. Reform of soes has seen urban resistance due to the massive layoffs. These disturbances however have been short-lived and nonviolent, and thus has not seriously disrupted social order. Worker resistance has consequently only slowed, and not stopped economic reform. From 1995-98, soes decreased by 44%; from 95-2000, public employees decreased by more than 48 million.

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