PACS320 Lecture : Class 6 Notes.docx
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QUESTION 26
Age 65 has come to be considered the onset of old age in the U.S. because:
a. | This is when most older adults find their abilities diminishing | |
b. | At age 65, physical appearance makes it evident that a person is old | |
c. | This is the age identified in Social Security and Medicare at the time these were enacted | |
d. | This is the age at which life expectancy diminishes most rapidly |
1 points
QUESTION 27
The concept of "dependency ratios" has been criticized because:
Individual differences in needs as well as differences in aging and activity choices make it difficult to ascertain which generation depends on which other generations. | ||
Very few older adults ever rely on younger individuals for support and assistance | ||
The most dependent generation may well be young adults | ||
It is common knowledge that older adults are dependent on younger individuals |
1 points
QUESTION 28
Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the purpose of theory in understanding aging?
a. | Theories attempt to explai what we observe in empirical research or practice | |
b. | A goal is to consolidate practice around a simple set of principles | |
c. | Theories resolve disputes about the nature of reality and definitions of aging | |
d. | The most important purpose is to reduce apparently complex phenomena to a few basic factors |
1 points
QUESTION 29
Explanations that focus on the situations and problems that accumulate during the life span and cannot be understood separate from developmental experiences are considered to reflect:
a. | The aged | |
b. | Aging | |
c. | Age | |
d. | The meaning of life |
1 points
QUESTION 30
Early theories of aging, described later life as a:
a. | Problem | |
b. | normal, welcomed stage of life | |
c. | rare and unique process | |
d. | Too idiosyncratic for generalized description |
1 points
QUESTION 31
Theories that explain aging as resulting from the accumulation of "insults" from the environment, which eventually reach a level incompatible with life are labeled:
a. | Sociocultural theories | |
b. | Selective optimization with compensation | |
c. | Model of Human Occupation | |
d. | Stochastic theories |
1 points
QUESTION 32
Psychological theories of aging seek to explain
a. | Reasons for the emergence of mental disorders in late life | |
b. | Why older individuals are likely to be pessimistic | |
c. | Relationships among older and younger individuals | |
d. | The multiple changes in individual behavior in late life |
1 points
QUESTION 33
It is now believed that neurological theories of aging that focus on decline in neurological functioning may be:
a. | Too optimistic | |
b. | Lacking in clarity | |
c. | Too pessimistic | |
d. | Too limited |
1 points
QUESTION 34
In the theory of Selective Optimization with Compensation, "optimization" refers to the idea that:
a. | People engage in behaviors that augment or enrich their general reserves and maximize their chosen life courses | |
b. | People make efforts in middle age to accumulate needed resources to ensure successful aging | |
c. | Changing biological and psychological factors that enhance the abilities of older adults in memory and problem solving | |
d. | Political initiatives that reduce stigma associated with later life |
1 points
QUESTION 35
Mrs. Adams, an 87 year-old widow, has begun to distance herself from some of her extended family members. At the same time, she spends increasing time with her adult children, grandchildren, and some of her close neighbors. This would be an example of:
a. | The Model of Human Occupation | |
b. | Evolutionary Theory | |
c. | Cognition and Aging theories | |
d. | Socioemotional Selectivity Theory |
1 points
QUESTION 36
A theory of particular relevance to occupational and physical therapy is:
a. | Theory of Free Radicals | |
b. | Systems theory of motor control | |
c. | Stochastic theories | |
d. |
1 points
QUESTION 37
Theory is important to therapeutic decisions as a way to:
a. | Reduce the therapist's need to address individual differences | |
b. | Guide decisions about evaluation and intervention | |
c. | Minimize the idea of complexity in understanding older adults | |
d. | Clearly identify the specific evaluation instruments to be used |
QUESTION 32
What did the old tort theorists conclude was the overriding question that the âold lawâ asked, in accord with their assumptions regarding it?
How did one know when a customer must be identified as the recipient of the costs? | ||
How did the parties agree to allocate the costs of the accident? | ||
How would a party know when it would have to pay uncovered liabilities? | ||
How would a party know in what cases it was supposed to insure itself? |
0.5 points
QUESTION 33
Huber discusses âthe Founders,â meaning:
The original theorists of ecology | ||
The Founding Fathers | ||
The founders of modern tort law | ||
The first moral theorists |
0.5 points
QUESTION 34
A crucial case for Huber is the defective Shopsmith in:
Posner | ||
Greeman | ||
Prosser | ||
Calabresi |
0.5 points
QUESTION 35
Why does Dowie think that Fordâs cost-benefit analysis is a moral problem?
It places a dollar value on human life. | ||
It is dishonest and includes lies about the Pinto's safety. | ||
It shows that Ford made the Pinto unsafe on purpose. | ||
Dowie doesn't actually think that Ford was morally wrong. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 36
Werhaneâs main point about the Pinto case is that:
Ford was completely innocent of wrongdoing. | ||
A powerful narrative like Dowieâs article can bring the truth to a wider audience. | ||
Ford was completely responsible for the deaths caused by Pintos. | ||
A powerful narrative like Dowieâs article can skew our perception of the facts. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 37
Thomson considers this rule: liability is to be shared between the actual harm-causer and anyone else who acted:
Reasonably | ||
Justly | ||
Negligently | ||
Defensively |
0.5 points
QUESTION 38
Thomson outlines three things a plaintiff must show in order to win his case. All of the following are discussed EXCEPT:
The plantiff suffered from harm or loss. | ||
An act or omission of the defendant caused the harm or loss. | ||
The defendant is at fault in so acting or refraining from acting. | ||
None of the above. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 39
Ciulla contends that the failure of leaders:
Can be excused. | ||
Are often exaggerated. | ||
Seem more "extravagant" than those of nonleaders. | ||
Carry more "weight" than those of nonleaders. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 40
Ciulla argues that American writers used to pay more attention to the moral virtues of leaders than to:
Their chiseled features. | ||
Their personality traits. | ||
Their victories and successes. | ||
Their hopes and dreams. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 41
Ciulla points out that while history portrays many leaders as winners, what is rarely questioned?
The intentions of the leader. | ||
The ideological motives. | ||
The needs of the leader. | ||
All of the above. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 42
Which is the area in which leaders must be more âmeticulous,â according to Ciulla, than ordinary people?
Consistency | ||
Truthfulness | ||
Legal Record | ||
Personal Relationships |
0.5 points
QUESTION 43
We often characterize leaders, in Ciullaâs view, according to what?
Their ability to stay out of conflict. | ||
Their ability to benefit the most people. | ||
Their ability to lead. | ||
Their ability to bring about change. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 44
Robinhoodism is what, for Ciulla?
Stealing from the poor and giving to the middle class. | ||
Leading a brand of social "rebels" motivated by social privileges. | ||
A type of Machiavellianism. | ||
All of the above. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 45
When Machiavelli uses the metaphor of âthe lion,â he is referring to what?
Destroying the strategy of an opponent. | ||
Courage. | ||
Using fear as a weapon. | ||
Using love to motivate one's soldiers. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 46
According to Machiavelli, when âa Prince is with his army, and has many soldiers under his command,â he needs a certain reputation to keep his command together. He needs a reputation for:
Kindness | ||
"The Beast" | ||
Cruelty | ||
Morality |
0.5 points
QUESTION 47
Is it better to be loved or feared, according to Machiavelli, and why?
Feared, because that depends on the Prince and the people. | ||
Loved, because that depends on the Prince alone. | ||
Loved, because that depends on the Prince and the people. | ||
Feared, because that depends on the Prince alone. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 48
Machiavelli insists that the Prince should âdo his utmost to escapeâ:
Harm | ||
Power | ||
Enemies | ||
Hatred |
0.5 points
QUESTION 49
Machiavelli would argue that for the Prince, lying is:
Never expedient. | ||
Always wrong. | ||
Always good. | ||
Sometimes necessary. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 50
Ludwig and Longenecker use the story of David and Bathsheba as a lesson in what, as it applies to being in a position of leadership?
Success | ||
Chastity | ||
Temptation | ||
Delegation |