BIO120H1 Chapter 5: Chapter 5.docx

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azureotter600

18 Apr 2012

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BIO120H1 Full Course Notes

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Short term survival of cell depends on preventing changes in dna (environmental radiation, chemicals) Longterm survival of species requires dna sequences to be changeable over many generation. Cells want to remain same, but selection pressures force evolution. Def of mutation rate: the rate at which observable changes occur in dna sequences. How are they measured: directly from experiments carried out. Example is e. coli, which divides once every 40 min producing billions of cells in one day. When looking at all of those cells, it is easy to identify the small fration of the bacteria that have suffered the mutation in a particular gene. Hard to tell actual mutation rate as mutations can be silent, so only really the deadly mutations are viewable. Rate: bacteria display a mutation rate of about 1 nucleotide change per 109 nucleotides per cell generation. C elegans example: generation time is 4 days.

Related Questions

Mutation frequency is the

A)number of mutations per gene per generation.

B)number of mutations per nucleotide per generation.

C)number of mutations per cell per generation.

D)number of a specific mutation in a defined population.

E)total number of mutations in a defined population.

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In DNA pyrosequencing, the visualization technique to elucidatethe sequence is based on

		A)32P.
B		)35S.
C)		fluorescent dyes.
D)		photons of light
E)		None of these

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The Alu family is an example of

A)short interspersed repeat elements.

B)intermediate repeat elements.
C) long interspersed repeat elements.

D)terminal sequences.

E)gene-flanking sequences.

limemacaw827

A. What is the name of the main enzyme that performs transcription?

B. What is a mutation?

C. Why is the genetic code said to be degenerate?

D. How can a single base mutation (a change in a single nucleotide or base) result in a silent mutation, i.e. that does not result in a change in the amino acid sequence?

E. How can a change in a DNA nucleotide lead to a change in the protein?

F. How can knowing the 3D structure of a protein help scientists design effective drugs?

greenskunk262

The amino-acid sequence shown in the following table was obtained from the central region of a particular polypeptide chain in the wild-type and several mutant bacterial strains: Codon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

a. Wild-type: Phe Leu Pro Thr Val Thr Thr Arg Trp

b. Mutant 1: Phe Leu His His Gly Asp Asp Thr Val

c. Mutant 2: Phe Leu Pro Thr Met Thr Thr Arg Trp

d. Mutant 3: Phe Leu Pro Thr Val Thr Thr Arg

e. Mutant 4: Phe Pro Pro Arg

f. Mutant 5: Phe Leu Pro Ser Val Thr Thr Arg Trp

Each mutant represents a single nucleotide change from the original wild-type gene. For each mutant, explain what SINGLE nucleotide mutation at the DNA level accounts for the change(s) in amino acid sequence. Also, state in which codon and which position the mutation took place and then fully characterize the mutation as a base-pair substitution mutation (transversion or transition; and missense, nonsense, etc.) or a frameshift mutation. Finally, recreate as much of the original wild-type mRNA sequence as possible.

greyjackal857

BIO120H1 Chapter 5: Chapter 5.docx

BIO120H1 Full Course Notes

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