PSL300H1 Lecture Notes - Extracellular Fluid, Pearson Education, Fluid Compartments

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indigocoyote193

21 Apr 2012

School

UTSG

Department

Physiology

Course

PSL300H1

Professor

Christopher Perumalla

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Document Summary

The biggest responsibility of the kidneys is the removal of waste products and the homeostatic regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance which is essential for survival. If the metabolic wastes are allowed to accumulate, they can become toxic in the body. Disturbances in blood volume and ion levels will cause serious medical problems before accumulation of metabolic wastes reach toxic levels. The distribution of water and solutes in the body. About 60% of the total body weight in an average individual is made up of water. Depending on our weight, the can be a range of water content from 50% to 80%. People who are at the low end of the spectrum include individuals who are overweight because fat cells contain very little water. People who are at the high end of the spectrum are athletes because they have lots of muscle cells which possess lots of water.

Related Questions

The Sun is powered by nuclear fusion. In each chain reaction, four hydrogen nuclei fuse together to become a single helium nucleus. The total combined mass of the individual hydrogen nuclei before the reaction is greater than the mass of the helium nucleus. The mass lost as a result of this chain reaction is turned into energy according to Einstein’s famous equation, E = mc² (Chapter 39). Consider the first part of the chain reaction in which two hydrogen nuclei (each a single proton) fuse. Figure P8.56A shows the potential energy curve of a two-proton system. The energy in this graph is given in keV, where “eV” is the abbreviation for the unit electron-volt and 1 eV = 1.6 × 10−19 J. When the protons are more than about 2 fm (2 × 10−15 m) apart, the potential energy is positive. When the protons are close together, the potential energy is negative, and the protons are fused. Figure P8.56B shows a close-up of the potential energy curve when the protons are far apart.

a. What is the minimum mechanical energy required for the two protons to fuse? Give your answer in keV.
b. The mechanical energy of an average two-proton system in the Sun is around 2 keV. What is the minimum distance between the protons in such a system?
c. Explain why it seems impossible for fusion to take place in the Sun. Note: Of course, fusion must take place in the Sun. Although it seems impossible according to classical mechanics, quantum mechanics (Part VI) makes fusion possible. According to quantum mechanics, the seemingly impossible is merely improbable, and even events with a low probability of occurrence may still happen. Because there are so many protons in the Sun, there is a good chance that at any moment many of them will fuse.

erinherring569

Helium is very common in the Sun and calcium is rare. Why arehelium lines weak and calcium lines strong in the visible spectrumof the Sun?

How would a star regain its state of equilibrium if the energygeneration rate of a star were to become slightly smaller than itsequilibrium?

Why do metal poor stars have the most elliptical orbits? Fromwhere do they obtain their metals?

why do so few visual binary star systems been fully analyzedto reveal individual masses?

When we look at light curve for an eclipsing binary systemwith total eclipses, how can we tell which star is hotter?

Why do extremely cool stars look fainter than we might expectfrom their luminosities and distances?

Why can't we use solar type stars as spiral tracers? what typeof stars make good spiral tracers? why? What characteristics dothey have to perform this function?

in some old, dense stars, a few blue stars, known as bluestragglers are seen. why are blue stars unexpected in suchclusters? If stars that stick together mix their materialthoroughly when they collide, how might you explain such bluestars?

Supposed you jumped into a black hole feet first? what wouldhappen to you? what would your friends who stayed behind actuallysee?

Why are there different types of galaxies?

what is the eventual fate of the milky way galaxy? whatprocess will lead to this fate? can anything change this?

What are the processes that are responsible for the formationof an elliptical galaxy in comparison to a spiral galaxy? Whycannot galaxies evolve from elliptical to spiral and from spiral toelliptical?

Is it surprising that a pulsar is not seen in every supernovaremnant? why?

How do we form the conclusion that quasars are so vary faraway?

How many times longer does a .50 - M star fuse hydrogen atit's core than does a 1.5 - M star?

How many 0.75 - M main sequence stars would it take to equalthe luminosity of one 15 - M star?

) Ion Rocket Engine. A special type of rocket engine useselectricity for propulsion: the ion engine. A soft metal, such ascesium, is vaporized and then electrified (ionized) with highvoltage. These cesium ions are the accelerated by strong electricfields to produce a current of atoms at high velocity. Outside theengine, the ions are then recombined with electrons to restoreelectrical neutrality.

A particular ion engine has an exhaust velocity of 20,000 m/sec.The mass flow (dm/dt) is just 1 milligram per second.

a) What is the thrust produced by this engine?

b) The engine propels a 200 kg spacecraft. What velocity change(delta-v) is achievable by running the engine continuously for onesolid year? (For simplicity, assume a constant mass for the system.One year = 31.56 million seconds.)
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) Potential Energy. How much work is required to lift one metricton (1000 kg) of water to an altitude of 1000 meters? (The Sun isdoing this all this time to the Earthâs weather.)
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q) Kinetic Energy 1. A car has a mass of 1200 kg. How much kineticenergy does it have when traveling at a speed of 30 m/sec?

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Kinetic Energy 2. The Space Shuttle orbits the Earth at a speed ofsome 7750 meters per second (which is about 260 times that of atypical highway driving speed). With a typical payload, the Shuttlehas a mass of 120,000 kg.

a) What is the kinetic energy of the Shuttle in orbit?
b) The Shuttle reaches orbit in some 500 seconds. At what rate ofwork (power) did the rocket engines perform on the Shuttle to placethe craft and its payload into orbit? Compare this to the maximumpower output of a typical nuclear electric generatingstation.
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Solar Power. In space, outside the atmosphere, some 1360 Watts ofradiant power pass through every square meter (at normalincidence).

a) What total amount of power does the Earth intercept from theSun? (The projected area of the Earth is ?RE2, where RE is theradius of the Earth, 6.38 million meters.)

b) Compare this figure to the total amount of power produced by allof human civilization, currently some 40 trillion (1012) Watts.What conclusions about solar power can you draw from thiscomparison?

q

-) Angular Momentum. Assuming a uniform distribution of mass insidethe Earth, calculate:

a) the Earthâs moment of inertia, I;
b) its angular momentum, L = omega(omega=2pi/T) the angularmomentum of the Moon in its orbit around the Earth (L = mvr).Compare these two values. (The sidereal period of the Moon is 27.3days; its mass is 1/81 of that of the Earth; its average orbitalradius is 383,000 km.)

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Q0 Water Pressure. Calculate the value of the water pressure at theChallenger Deep, the deepest known place on the surface of theEarth. The currently accepted depth of the water there is 10,911meters. (This is deep enough to cover Mount Everest, and still havemore than one mile of water above the peak. On January 23, 1960,Swiss explorer Jacques Piccard and US Navy Lieutenant Don Walshbecame the first, and so far, the only people ever to visit thisremote place, descending in the Italian-built bathyscaphTrieste.)

q-8
Mass of Earthâs Atmosphere. The pressure of the Earthâs atmosphereat sea level is 101,300 Pascals (Newtons per square meter.) Thismeans that every square meter of Earthâs surface supports a weightof 101,300 Newtons. From this, determine the mass of Earthâsatmosphere. What fraction of the Earthâs total mass is this?

PSL300H1 Lecture Notes - Extracellular Fluid, Pearson Education, Fluid Compartments

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