Geography 2152F/G Study Guide - Takers, Effective Demand, Amartya Sen

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28 Apr 2012

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Involves widespread scarcity of food: caused by a lack food or difficulties in food distribution. May be worsened by climate fluctuations and extreme political conditions. Usually accompanied or followed by a regional malnutrition, starvation, epidemic and increased mortality. In an exchange economy, a family"s ability to buy food depends on the rates at which its labour and other possessions can be exchanged multilaterally or bilaterally with other commodities. Whether or not a family has something to eat depends on what it can sell and the prices of food. Represent a comprehensive picture of exchange possibilities faced by groups of people and reflect the institutional structure of the economy. The presence of a monopoly and other restrictions also makes prices depart from exchange entitlements. Fee when famines are caused by the breakdown of the ability of a person to exchange his entitlements rather than due to a shortage in food availability.

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8. Have you ever worn something from a culture other than your own? This includes thing like hairstyles, clothes and accessories.

Yes. Not only me, at present most of the people, all over the world are doing the same. In this world we live in a together in a society with people from different places, different customs, and backgrounds. As we live together, we grow together, we also learn about other cultures and we accept them. There is a mutual two way exchange of cultural behaviors. This process is usually called "Acculturation". Also with technologies like television, internet, social media, etc. There is a widespread of information which is easily accessible to everyone. People following other cultures is most commonly evident in their dressing style (fashion). For example, long ago in India, ancestors used to wear Kurtas and dhotis. Where as we can see now present generation wearing jeans, t-shirts, and shirts of different patterns which is originally adopted from western culture.

9. If yes, did you know the meaning, significance and importance of that symbol?

isaiahhh810

3. 3 Stratosphere-troposphere exchange

The rate of exchange of air between the troposphere and thestratosphere is critical for determining the potential of variouspollutants emitted from the surface to reach the stratosphere andaffect the stratospheric ozone layer. One of the first estimates ofthis rate was made in the 1960s using measurements of strontium-90(90Sr) in the stratosphere. Strontium-90 is a radioactive isotope(half-life 28 years) produced in nuclear explosions. It has nonatural sources. Large amounts of 90Sr were injected into thestratosphere in the 1950s by above-ground nuclear tests. Thesetests were banned by international treaty in 1962. Following thetest ban the stratospheric concentrations of 90Sr began to decreaseas 90Sr was transferred to the troposphere. In the troposphere,90Sr is removed by wet deposition with a lifetime of 10 days (bycontrast there is no rain, and hence no wet deposition, in thestratosphere). An intensive stratospheric measurement network wasoperated in the 1960s to monitor the decay of 90Sr in thestratosphere. We interpret these observations here using a 2-boxmodel for stratosphere-troposphere exchange with transfer rateconstants kTS and kST (yr-1) between the tropospheric andstratospheric reservoirs. The reservoirs are assumed to beindividually well-mixed.

Let mS and mT represent the masses of 90Sr in the stratosphere andin the troposphere respectively. Observations of the decrease inthe stratospheric inventory for the period 1963-1967 can be fittedto an exponential mS(t) = mS(0)exp(-kt) where k = 0.77 yr-1.

1. Write mass balance equations for mS and mT in the 1963-1967period.

2. Assuming that transfer of 90Sr from the troposphere to thestratosphere is negligible (we will verify this assumption later),show that the residence time of air in the stratosphere is tS =1/kST = 1.3 years.

3. Let m'T and m'S represent the total masses of air in thetroposphere and the stratosphere, respectively. Show that theresidence time of air in the troposphere is tT = tS (m'T/m'S) = 7.4years. Conclude as to the validity of your assumption in question2.

4. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) have been adopted asreplacement products for the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which werebanned by the Montreal protocol because of their harmful effect onthe ozone layer. In contrast to the CFCs, the HCFCs can be oxidizedin the troposphere, and the oxidation products washed out byprecipitation, so that most of the HCFCs do not penetrate into thestratosphere to destroy ozone. Two common HCFCs have trade namesHCFC-123 and HCFC-124; their lifetimes against oxidation in thetroposphere are 1.4 years and 5.9 years, respectively. There are noother sinks for these species in the troposphere. Using our 2-boxmodel, determine what fractions of the emitted HCFC-123 andHCFC-124 penetrate the stratosphere.

Geography 2152F/G Study Guide - Takers, Effective Demand, Amartya Sen

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