Anatomy and Cell Biology 3319 Lecture : Anatomy Notes

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purplejackal117

1 May 2012

School

Western University

Department

Anatomy and Cell Biology

Course

Anatomy and Cell Biology 3319

Professor

Peter Merrifield

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Document Summary

Functions of the urinary system: it filters blood filters 200 l of fluid/day and excretes 1. 4 l/day. It excretes excess ions to maintain water/electrolyte balance. The urinary system is comprised of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys lie retroperitoneal (behind the parietal peritoneum). Infections of the female urinary bladder are common because the urethra is short and infection doesn"t have far to travel. Kidneys: the kidneys are located in the posterior peritoneal wall and are retroperitoneal structures (are not located within the peritoneal cavity). The right kidney is located slightly inferior to the left kidney because the liver pushes it down a bit. The medial margin of the kidney contains a hilum, which is where the renal veins and arteries, the lymphatics, and the ureters enter and exit the kidney. The kidneys contain different surfaces, margins, and poles. The superior pole of each kidney is associated with the adrenal gland.

Related Questions

. The kidneys contain millions of _________, which are the smallest functional units of the kidneys since each one can make urine from blood.

2. There are 3 stages in urine formation. The first stage is called____________; during this stage, blood pressure pushes water and small solutes out of a ball of capillaries called the __________ into the first part of the renal tubule called the _________ _________.

3. The second stage of urine formation is called _________. Cells lining the proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs) have special projections called _________ which increase their surface area, thus enabling the PCTs to transport about 70% of filtrate back into blood.

4. When a person is dehydrated, their blood volume and blood pressure are too low. Two hormones reduce the loss of sodium and water from the body during dehydration by concentrating urine to prevent further water loss. The first hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex and is called __________; this hormone stimulates sodium retention by nephrons. The second hormone is released by the posterior pituitary gland and is called _________; this hormone cause water retention by nephrons.

5. ___________is the waste product of cellular respiration (ATP synthesis). This waste product must be eliminated from the body because it becomes toxic at high levels. This waste product combines with water in blood to form carbonic acid, which is then converted into bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions (H+). Hydrogen ions lower blood pH, causing it to become too acidic. Kidneys are able to sense high H+ levels in blood and actively transport hydrogen ions (and other toxic blood borne chemicals) from blood into urine during ___________, the third stage of urine formation.

6. Urine and blood differ in composition. In a healthy person, blood contains _________ , __________, and _________ but urine DOES NOT these materials.

7. Urine moves from the kidneys down the ureters into the bladder due to __________, a form of motility wherein _________ muscle tissue in the ureteral walls undergoes rhythmic waves of contractions.

8. The kidneys are located in the ___________ cavity; ureters conduct urine to the urinary bladder which is located in the pelvic cavity behind the symphysis joint of the _________ bones.

9. The three major systems which participate in the excretion of cellular wastes from blood include: the __________ system which eliminates urea and excess electrolytes like sodium; the ___________ system which eliminates water and salt; and the ____________ system, which eliminates carbon dioxide.

10. When the bladder is full, the _____________ reflex is initiated. During this reflex, the bladder walls contract and the ________ ________ sphincter, a circular structure made of _______ ______tissue, relaxes. Upon sensing an urge to urinate, a person can consciously contract their _______ _______ sphincter, a circular structure made of ________ ________ tissue - this stops the flow of urine out of the bladder and into the urethra until the time is convenient to urinate.

REFERENCE CITATIONS: _______________________________

amaranthantelope72

The function of the kidneys is to filter blood and in so doing, maintain blood homeostasis. Toxins and excess materials are removed from the blood to be voided in the urine. In addition, the kidney is responsive to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. These hormones play a role in regulating body fluid compartments, blood pressure, and electrolyte balance. Furthermore, the kidneys help maintain the pH of the blood.

1.Sunstroke was a common danger in biblical days (2 Kings 4:18-20). Comment on the role the kidneys play in adjusting electrolyte and fluid balance as a result of sunstroke. (PLEASE DO NOT COPY WORD FROM WORD FROM A SOURCE! THANK YOU!) :)

Lab 11 â Urinary and Reproductive Systems

Prelab. Define all of the following terms/structures.

Lab. Be able to ID these terms/structures on pictures/models AND generally define them along with function!

**DONâT NEED TO NOW ON MODELS

Urinary system:

Kidneys

Hilum

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

Ureters

Urinary bladder

Urethra

Adrenal gland

Reproductive system:

Gametes**

Gonads

External genitalia

Male anatomy:

Testes

Seminiferous tubules**

Epididymis

Ductus deferens (vas deferens)

Spermatic cord**

Inguinal canal**

Ejaculatory duct

Urethra

Accessory glands

Seminal glands (seminal vesicles)

Prostate gland

Bulbo-urethral gland

Female anatomy:

Ovaries

Uterine tube (Fallopian tube, oviduct)

Infundibulum

Fimbriae

Uterus

Cervix

Endometrium

Myometrium

Perimetrium

Vulva

Labia minora

Clitoris

Mons pubis

Labia majora

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Anatomy and Cell Biology 3319 Lecture : Anatomy Notes

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