RELS 161 Lecture : Buddhism - Sexuality

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chocolateweasel885

5 May 2012

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Buddhism stemmed from hinduism: kept same metaphysical framework. Same cycle of death and rebirth: different goals. Hinduism was liberation and union with brahman. Prophecy of great warrior: great holy man. Deprived himself to be closer to god. He was distracted from the middle path. Was the first buddha: 4 sights. 4 noble truths: reality is suffering (dukha, we suffer because we crave, we get rid of suffering by eliminating desires, follow 8 fold path (teachings) Notion of impermanence: life is always changing. Everything is dependant on something else: the self is conditioned by other things, notion of self is an illusion, we over identify with desires. Dharma: cosmic rule, all ideas lead to dharma, organizing principle of the universe. Dharma for buddha is realization to escape samsara is to achieve nirvana: extinguishing self, essence of buddhism is to minimize attachments. Proper awareness allows for recognition of no self, impermanence and dependant arising.

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Based from the Abstract and conclusion, please give comments andkey points of the article entitled âComputational evidence on thedistributive properties of monetary policy.â

Abstract

Empirical studies have pointed out that monetary policy maysignificantly affect income and wealth inequality. To investigatethe distributive properties of monetary policy the authors resortto an agent-based macroeconomic model where firms, households andone bank interact on the basis of limited information and adaptiverules-of-thumb. Simulations show that the model can replicatefairly well a number of stylized facts, especially those relativeto the business cycle. The authors address the issue using threetypes of computational experiments, including a global sensitivityanalysis carried out through a novel methodology which greatlyreduces the computational burden of simulations. The result emergesthat a more restrictive monetary policy increases inequality, eventhough this effect may differ across groups of households. Inaddition, it appears to be attenuated if the bankâs willingness tolend is lower. The overall analysis suggests that inequality canconstitute valuable information also for central banks.

Conclusion

Recent empirical studies have pointed out that monetary policymay signiï¬cantly affect income and wealth inequality throughseveral channels. This inï¬uence is exerted not only becausemonetary policy can affect different income sources in differentways, but also because households are heterogeneous with regards tothe relative size of their income sources. Despite its relevance,this subject has gone relatively ignored by economic theory, mainlybecause the use of representative agents makes mainstream modelsinadequate to assess distributions and inequality (with the recentexception of the HANK models). To properly investigate thedistributive properties of monetary policy, therefore, in thispaper we resort to agent-based techniques in which agentsâheterogeneity plays a fundamental role. The theoretical frameworkwe set up is an agent-based macroeconomic model where ï¬rms,households and one bank interact on the basis of limitedinformation and adaptive rules-of-thumb. Simulations show that themodel is able to replicate fairly well a number of stylized facts,especially those relative to the business cycle. Subsequently, weemploy the model as a computational laboratory through which we cansimulate changes in monetary policy and assess their inï¬uence onincome and wealth inequality. Our analysis is three-fold. As apreliminary step we simulate a monetary policy shock that consistsin a rise of the policy interest rate occurring in the course of asingle simulation. The second step is to perform Monte Carloexperiments involving the policy rate only. Finally, we carry out aglobal sensitivity analysis exercise in order to control for otherparameters, in particular to evaluate possible interactions betweenthe monetary policy and the credit policy adopted by the bankingsystem. We point out that the last kind of analysis is implementedthrough a novel methodology which greatly reduces the computationalburden of simulations. Consistently with part of the empiricalliterature, from all the three experiments the robust resultemerges that a more restrictive monetary policy increases economicinequality, the main reasons being increasing unemployment andincreasing capital income. This is an interesting result as itsuggests that the social responsibility of central banks may gobeyond their role of keeping price stability and that inequalitycan be a very important information for central bankers when theyset their policy goals. Moreover, our ï¬nding could even constitutean argument in favor of a more democratic control of monetarypolicy actions. Moreover, we ï¬nd that the effect of monetary policyon inequality seems to be smaller when the bankâs willingness tolend is lower. This entails that the ability of monetary policy toaffect inequality may be reduced during recessions, when âcreditcrunchesâ are more likely to occur. As a consequence, fears ofpossible distortionary effects caused by expansionary monetarypolicy interventions may be unmotivated if the economy is inrecession. Finally, our analysis highlights that the inï¬uence ofmonetary policy on inequality is asymmetric, as different groups ofhouseholds are hit by policy shocks in different ways. Inparticular, a restrictive monetary policy appears to increaseinequality for the lower and middle-income classes, but not for thetop class. This additional insight hints that it could be usefulfor empirical studies to focus not only on the whole population ofhouseholds but also on sub-groups. Although rich enough to providenon-trivial insights, we concede that our model suffers from someimportant limitations such as the absence of householdsâ debts andmore diversiï¬ed portfolio investment opportunities. However, theintroduction of these features is left for future works.

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1. Humans have the scientific name Homo sapiens. We are members of the family Pongidae, in the order Primates, in the class Mammalia, in the phylum Chordata. Based only on this information, which of the following is not a correct statement?

a. The speciation event (lineage-splitting) that generated the genus Homo occurred earlier than the speciation event that generated the species H. sapiens.

b. The most inclusive of these taxonomic groups is Chordata.

c. The genus Homo might have as many species as are in the entire family Pongidae.

d. There can be no other species in the genus Homo.

e. All mammals must be Chordates.

2. Endotherms differ from ectotherms in that:

a. Environmental temperature has little effect on the energy budget of endotherms but a strong effect on the energy budget of ectotherms.

b. An endotherm's metabolic rate is not affected by temperature whereas the metabolism of an ectotherm has a Q10 of 2-3.

c. Endotherms are vertebrates and ectotherms are invertebrates.

d. On average, endotherms are much better sprinters (i.e., can run faster for short distances) than ectotherms.

e. Endotherms are much better able to support endurance exercise than ectotherms.

3. You measure oxygen consumption of a lizard at three temperatures, as follows: 18 Â°C: 0.090 ml O2/min 23 Â°C: 0.135 ml O2/min 28 Â°C: 0.200 ml O2/min From these data you calculate the Q10 to be:

a. 1.8

b. 2.0

c. 2.2

d. 2.5

e. none of these are correct.

4. What is the best description of how evolution by selection (natural or artificial) works?

a. mutation generates variation randomly, sex makes new combinations of genes randomly, and selection picks the best ones for reproduction.

b. selection leads to non-random mutation to make useful new alleles, which are then combined by sex.

c. exposure to environmental factors leads to non-random mutations that improve fitness.

d. through selection, mutations occur in those genes that will improve fitness.

e. mutation generates random new alleles, and sex combines them in ways that select the best for future generations.

5. Which of the following is a correct match between a major lineage and its characteristics?

a. Archaea: extremophiles, ribosomes, RNA as genetic material, no nuclear membrane

b. Eukarya: mitochondria, DNA as genetic material, photosynthetic or chemohetrotrophic

c. Bacteria: mitochondria, DNA as genetic material, no nuclear membrane

d. Eumetazoa: extremophiles, ribosomes, DNA as genetic material, nuclear membrane, chemoheterotrophic

e. Protostomes: triploblastic, eucoelomate, blastopore becomes anus, indeterminate cleavage

6. Which of the following statements about animal life history events is correct?

a. Being multicellular requires a larval stage in the life cycle.

b. Mutation is sufficient to produce considerable genetic variation between different tissues in an individual.

c. Senescence is defined by slow, constant decline in survival as individuals get older.

d. Different cell types are formed when different but specific portions of the zygoteâs DNA are lost from the different germ layers during development.

e. In an individual, the only cells that differ genetically from other cells are gametes.

7. Which of the following statements about terrestrial vertebrates is correct?

a. Jaws evolved from paired appendages, which in turn evolved because they improved swimming ability.

b. Legs evolved from fins after early fishlike vertebrates invaded the land.

c. Jaws and inner ear bones evolved from gill arches, and leglike appendages evolved under selection for aquatic locomotion.

d. Viviparity (giving birth to well-developed young instead of laying eggs) was vital to the ability to reproduce on land without returning to the water.

e. Lungs for breathing air evolved after early fishlike vertebrates invaded the land (the first land vertebrates had to depend on gills for breathing air)

8. The essential features of a hydrostatic skeleton include:

a. antagonistic muscles.

b. a non-deformable fluid-filled space

c. flexible joints.

d. compressible material capable of changing volume

e. all of the above (a) â (d) are correct.

9. You are a Peace Corps volunteer physician in a developing country. You notice that some of the villages you visit have a high incidence of a parasitic disease, but other nearby villages are unaffected. Investigating you find the villages with disease are in wet areas with lots of snails and frogs, while the disease-free villages are in drier places but have lots of insects and mice. From this information, what might you reasonably conclude about the type of parasite responsible for the disease?

a. Itâs a trematode (these need mollusks as intermediate hosts).

b. Itâs a nematode (these are vectored mainly by frogs).

c. Itâs an apicomplexan parasite (these require wet areas and enter the skin through standing water).

d. Itâs a trypanosome (these are transmitted by mammal bites).

e. The information doesnât provide useful clues about the type of parasite.

10. Which of the following pairs of primary diagnostic characters is correctly matched with taxonomic groups?

a. circulatory system vs. water vascular system: Nematoda vs. Echinodermata

b. schizocoely vs. enterocoely: Radiata vs. Bilateria

c. pharyngeal slits vs. polyp and medusa: Chordata vs. Cnidaria

d. gastrovascular cavity vs. complete gut: Cnidaria vs. Cestoda

e. hemocoel vs. contractile vacuole: apicomplexans vs. rhizopoda

Please provide explanation too.

The primary costs of FDI to host countries are:

		Loss of sovereignty and patriotism
		Adverse effects on competition and exports
		Capital outflow
		Loss of sovereignty, adverse effects on competition, and capital outflow

____ suggests that FDI, unrestricted by government intervention, will enable countries to tap into their absolute or comparative advantage by specializing in the production of certain goods or services.

		The radical view
		The free market view
		Pragmatic nationalism
		Expropriation

What are the benefits of FDI to home countries?

		Repatriated earnings from profits from FDI.
		Increased exports of components and services to host countries.
		Learning via FDI from operations abroad.
		All of these answers

When one firm enters a foreign country through FDI, its rivals are likely to follow by undertaking additional FDI in a host country to:

		Create knowledge spillover
		Discover a new market for its goods
		Overcome and combat market failure through FDI
		Acquire location advantages or neutralize the first moverâs location advantages

Most countries practice:

		Pragmatic nationalism
		Free market based FDI
		Government embracing radical view
		French patriotism

FDI may be viewed as a reflection of firm motivation to extend firm-specific capabilities abroad and their responses to overcome imperfections and failures.

		True
		False

Most countries practice a totally "free market" view.

		True
		False

8. Outsourcing is the process of turning over an organizational activity to an outside supplier, located in a foreign country, which will perform it on behalf of the local firm.

		True
		False

Financial, physical, and technological resources and capabilities are all tangible assets.

		True
		False

A firm's resources and capabilities are tangible assets a firm uses to choose and implement its strategies.

		True
		False

An example of low power distance would be when subordinates address their bosses on a first-name basis.

		True
		False

Benchmarking is an assessment as to whether a firm has resources and capabilities to perform a particular activity in a manner superior to competitors.

		True
		False

A country with low-masculinity has a more subtle differentiation between the gender roles.

		True
		False

Setting up subsidiaries abroad so the work can be performed in-house but in the foreign location is also called captive sourcing.

		True
		False

Managers in low uncertainty avoidance countries rely more on experience and training than managers in high uncertainty avoidance countries who rely more on rules.

		True
		False

Informal institutions include laws, regulations, and rules.

		True
		False

The United States is often classified as a collective society.

		True
		False

A pure market economy characterized by the "invisible hand" of market forces is noted by

		John Stuart Mill
		Adam Smith
		Aristotle
		Amatya Zen

Culture is defined in the text as:

		The communication between members of similar location.
		The collective programming of the mind, which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another.
		The main component of formal institutions.
		The attitudes and behaviors characteristic of a particular social group or organization.

When an expat employee returns to her or his current employer but the employer does not provide attractive opportunities, she/he often may be hired by a competitor firm. Why?

		Competitor firms are also interested in globalizing their business.
		Former expats bring instant expertise and experience.
		Competing firms will pay a higher premium for expertise.
		All of these answers

The government taking a "hands-off approach" is known as:

		Laissez faire
		Command economy
		Mixed economy
		Liberal approach

Expatriate managers make ideal candidates for top management positions.

		True
		False

____ are defined as rights associated with the ownership of intellectual property.

		Patents
		Copyrights
		Trademarks
		Intellectual property rights

In a collective society:

		Family units are highly valued.
		Being an entrepreneur is a popular mindset
		Being different than your neighbor is important.
		Outsiders are easily trusted.

Which of the following definitions best defines an expatriate manager?

		A manager who works outside his or her native country
		A manager of great expertise
		An ex-manager rehired for advisory purposes
		None of these answers

RELS 161 Lecture : Buddhism - Sexuality

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