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MIMM 387 Lecture : feb 6 2012.docx

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School
McGill University
Department
Microbiology and Immun (Sci)
Course
MIMM 387
Professor
Robert Murgita

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Document Summary

Arguably, the 4 boxed millennium goals are impossible without vaccines. Circled ones are the ones we have vaccines for. C there is 1,000,000 dalys (life years lost), and 90% are in developing countries. This shows that there are huge numbers of lives lost, but the majority of them are in developing countries. Education, health and defense: what most countries spend money on. There is no doubt that the military competes with health for money. From the chart, undeniable is that as you increase military spending, health gets squeezed. So those of us interested in health must be activists in the areas of health and military expenditures. When we got our vaccines, they cost a couple of dollars. Now, for example, hpv vaccines cost 500-600 dollars. This is many magnitudes higher, just in our lifetime. Before the gavi, vaccines were very poorly distributed in the developing world.

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Related Questions

1. It is well documented that antibody affinities for an immunizing antigen continue to increase upon successive rounds of immunization (i.e., secondary, tertiary, etc.). This is due to the fact that:
A. At each round of immunization, new naive B cells are recruited into the response.
B. At each round of immunization, the expression of AID increases, leading to higher rates of somatic hypermutation.
C. Memory B cells express higher levels of AID than naive B cells, leading to higher rates of somatic hypermutation.
D. Memory B cells can re-enter germinal centers and undergo
additional somatic hypermutation.
E. At each round of immunization, germinal centers become larger
and have increased numbers of B cells in them.

2. The US Department of Health and Human Services has a stated goal for the seasonal influenza vaccine of vaccinating 80% of healthy (i.e., low-risk) individuals. This vaccine is formulated each year from the serotypes of influenza likely to be circulating in the population during the coming flu season. The reason this goal is not 100% of individuals is because:
A. It is not feasible to expect 100% of healthy individuals to get the flu vaccine every year.
B. Individuals who had the flu vaccine the year before will already be protected.
C. Individuals who are healthy need not be too concerned about getting infected with flu.
D. Healthy individuals are unlikely to spread the virus to others.
E. Unvaccinated individuals are protected when 80% of people
around them are vaccinated.

3. Most vaccines currently administered are delivered by intramuscular injection. Yet the pathogenic organisms these vaccines aim to protect against usually enter the body by a different route. For instance, many viruses infect us via the respiratory tract, and many bacterial pathogens infect via the gastrointestinal tract. One major advantage of delivering vaccines against these organisms via their normal route of infection would be:
A. That the vaccines would no longer require the incorporation of an adjuvant in their composition
B. That the vaccines would elicit IgA antibodies in addition to IgG antibodies
C. That the vaccines would no longer require several boosters to elicit protective responses
D. That the vaccines would be more stable and not require refrigeration
E. That the vaccines would be safer and have fewer side effects than
injected vaccines

Case-Control Calculation Enter only numeric values into the answer line. Place a leading 0 before the decimal and remember to round to two decimal places. Note your answers for the next short essay question. Swine Influenza (SI) is a growing concern at the local Broncoville Health Department in Lawrence, Kansas. You are working for a pharmaceutical company which is developing a human vaccine against SI. You are in charge of testing the vaccine’s effectiveness. You need to determine if one or two doses of vaccine is required to provide immunity. You field test and collect the following information about the vaccine status of persons who did and did not contract SI after getting either one or two doses of vaccine. Develop a 2 x 2 table with the following information: Of the 727 cases of SI, 203 received two doses of vaccine. Of 1,239 controls, 771 received two doses of vaccine for SI. What is the likelihood of contracting SI with only one dose of vaccine?

1. Calculate the incidence of persons with one dose of vaccine for SI

2. Calculate the incidence of persons with two doses of vaccine for SI

3. Calculate the odds ratio of developing SI among those with one dose of vaccine for SI

Vaccination (Short Informative Paper)

1.Definition of vaccine/vaccination

a. Describe experiment that lead to discovery of vaccination

2. Describe how a vaccine is made or prepared(i.e. mechanisms for how do they work; in terms of immunity)

3. Explain how vaccines are administered(dosages, administration procedures)

4.Classification of vaccines (Live, attenuated(Bacteria & Viral), inactivated)-distinguish between

a. Describe the course of treatment given if a person is not up to date on vaccination against tetanus

b. Briefly elaborate on the significance of the vaccinia virus in terms of vaccine development/research

5.At least two childhood diseases for which vaccines are available and the name of the vaccines for the diseases.

6. Comparison of HINI flu virus vs influenza “flu” virus

a. Name of the virus(itself that causes the disease) . What type of viruses are they?

b. With HINI: what is the origin. Method of infection, and symptoms of the disorder

c. Why is the flu more prevalent in the winter time?

d. Provide rationales for the seemingly severe flu season/mortality rates we had this past season.

e. vaccines/latest technology for flu

7. Explain how the flu vaccine works: begin with injection and go up to the adaptive immune

response. DO NOT address the development or selection of lymphocytes . Also do not

include details of signal transduction either. Do not address Re-exposure.

--- For this part use outline format and you may include pictures to show the steps in this process

8. To Vaccinate or Not: Problems surrounding vaccines in general. Include your opinion, based on the

evidence presented(i.e. you can use a specific example(s) where there is controversy about a particular

vaccine). b. Is natural immunity better than vaccination? Why or why not?