MIMM 466 Study Guide - Final Guide: Coronavirus, Endogenous Retrovirus, Subtypes Of Hiv

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magentacricket108

15 May 2012

School

McGill University

Department

Microbiology & Immunology

Course

MIMM 466

Professor

Various

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Document Summary

This is extremely difficult: this high mutation rates results in an instability of epitopes. Hiv into the body: 3) circumcision, 5 none of the above, using drugs to prevent new infections, recall: the microbicide trial was effective at preventing hiv by. In fact, there were 60% more infections in the group that deferred circumcision. The foreskin contains cells that are very susceptible to hiv as a portal of entry into the body. 2008 entitled, whither or wither microbicides? that discussed the lack of progress in this area: however, a recent paper in science by a south african group that used this microbicide approach. They took women at high risk of hiv infection and got them to use a microbicide in the context of vaginal sponges daily. The study showed that women who used this on a routine basis, as opposed to those who used a placebo, were protected by about 38% by the drug.

Related Questions

1. It is well documented that antibody affinities for an immunizing antigen continue to increase upon successive rounds of immunization (i.e., secondary, tertiary, etc.). This is due to the fact that:
A. At each round of immunization, new naive B cells are recruited into the response.
B. At each round of immunization, the expression of AID increases, leading to higher rates of somatic hypermutation.
C. Memory B cells express higher levels of AID than naive B cells, leading to higher rates of somatic hypermutation.
D. Memory B cells can re-enter germinal centers and undergo
additional somatic hypermutation.
E. At each round of immunization, germinal centers become larger
and have increased numbers of B cells in them.

2. The US Department of Health and Human Services has a stated goal for the seasonal influenza vaccine of vaccinating 80% of healthy (i.e., low-risk) individuals. This vaccine is formulated each year from the serotypes of influenza likely to be circulating in the population during the coming flu season. The reason this goal is not 100% of individuals is because:
A. It is not feasible to expect 100% of healthy individuals to get the flu vaccine every year.
B. Individuals who had the flu vaccine the year before will already be protected.
C. Individuals who are healthy need not be too concerned about getting infected with flu.
D. Healthy individuals are unlikely to spread the virus to others.
E. Unvaccinated individuals are protected when 80% of people
around them are vaccinated.

3. Most vaccines currently administered are delivered by intramuscular injection. Yet the pathogenic organisms these vaccines aim to protect against usually enter the body by a different route. For instance, many viruses infect us via the respiratory tract, and many bacterial pathogens infect via the gastrointestinal tract. One major advantage of delivering vaccines against these organisms via their normal route of infection would be:
A. That the vaccines would no longer require the incorporation of an adjuvant in their composition
B. That the vaccines would elicit IgA antibodies in addition to IgG antibodies
C. That the vaccines would no longer require several boosters to elicit protective responses
D. That the vaccines would be more stable and not require refrigeration
E. That the vaccines would be safer and have fewer side effects than
injected vaccines

greenbeaver640

Why has it been so difficult for researchers to developeffective antivirals for HIV?

		because the virus is able to produce DNA as an intermediate inviral replication
		because HIV has a high mutation rate
		due to the damaged helper T cells that are targets for HIV
		because evolution favors a rapidly expanding viralpopulation
		because HIV is a sexually transmitted viral disease

apricotcockroach429

Vaccination (Short Informative Paper)

1.Definition of vaccine/vaccination

a. Describe experiment that lead to discovery of vaccination

2. Describe how a vaccine is made or prepared(i.e. mechanisms for how do they work; in terms of immunity)

3. Explain how vaccines are administered(dosages, administration procedures)

4.Classification of vaccines (Live, attenuated(Bacteria & Viral), inactivated)-distinguish between

a. Describe the course of treatment given if a person is not up to date on vaccination against tetanus

b. Briefly elaborate on the significance of the vaccinia virus in terms of vaccine development/research

5.At least two childhood diseases for which vaccines are available and the name of the vaccines for the diseases.

6. Comparison of HINI flu virus vs influenza âfluâ virus

a. Name of the virus(itself that causes the disease) . What type of viruses are they?

b. With HINI: what is the origin. Method of infection, and symptoms of the disorder

c. Why is the flu more prevalent in the winter time?

d. Provide rationales for the seemingly severe flu season/mortality rates we had this past season.

e. vaccines/latest technology for flu

7. Explain how the flu vaccine works: begin with injection and go up to the adaptive immune

response. DO NOT address the development or selection of lymphocytes . Also do not

include details of signal transduction either. Do not address Re-exposure.

--- For this part use outline format and you may include pictures to show the steps in this process

8. To Vaccinate or Not: Problems surrounding vaccines in general. Include your opinion, based on the

evidence presented(i.e. you can use a specific example(s) where there is controversy about a particular

vaccine). b. Is natural immunity better than vaccination? Why or why not?

fuchsiawater-buffalo266

MIMM 466 Study Guide - Final Guide: Coronavirus, Endogenous Retrovirus, Subtypes Of Hiv

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