MODR 1770 Lecture Notes - Inductive Reasoning, Contraposition, Soundness

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23 Sep 2012

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Relevancy fallacy of irrelevancy committed (emotional language) Acceptability fallacy of ambiguity (faulty language) Sufficiency fallacy of presumption (prejudge something without any evidence) The conclusion follows with certainty because all the statements are logically connected. (cannot accept premise, but deny conclusion, vice versa). There is a necessary relationship between the two. Inference is a logical operation how we draw one statement from another statement. Truth: what is in accordance with facts. Validity: the correctness of how we extract the conclusion from other statements. Argument is valid if the conclusion is correctly inferred from other statements. Soundness: truth of the premise and the validity of the premise. Persuasive claim is that claim is debatable. Supported claim: the back hop to the conclusions. Part 1 of test: given 5 statements: tell him whether they"re empirical (sensory knowledge), conceptual (virtue by definition of the key terms), normative (norms, values and judgments of society), or metaphysical (they are non-verifiable). (no transcendental)

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1. Consider the following argument: All fish can swim. You are a fish. Therefore, you can swim. Which of the following best describes this argument?

A. It is valid but unsound.

B. It is valid and sound.

C. It is invalid and unsound.

D. It is inductively weak.

2. In a valid deductive argument: (circle the correct answer)

A. the premises must all be true.

B. it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false.

C. the premises must be false if the conclusion is false.

D. it is impossible for the premises and the conclusion to be false together.

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A statement that is necessarily false, or a group of statements that, taken together, are inconsistent. A) Division B) Suppression C) Questionable Cause D) Contradiction 2. An attack on oneâs opponent rather than oneâs opponentâs argument. A) Faulty Comparison B) Categorical Proposition C) False Dilemma D) Ad Hominem Argument 3. Consciously believing at a deeper level what we know to be dubious. A) Mood B) Conclusion C) Self-Deception D) Irrelevant Reason 4. A limited perspective shaped by the ideas, interests, and kinds of behavior favored by the groups with which we identify. A) Provincialism B) Delusional C) Composition D) Tokenism 5. Drawing conclusions about a population on the basis of a sample that is too small to be a reliable measure of that population. A) Minor Term B) Small Sample C) Suppressed Evidence D) Rationalization 6. Is the following argument valid or invalid? If valid, explain whether it is deductive or inductive. If invalid, explain why: âMr. Michaels believes that he is the only person on the ballot capable of running our town. He says so time and again in his campaign speeches and ads. What he fails to mention is that he is an alcoholic womanizer with no scruples. Who in their right mind could vote for that?â HTML Editor 7. The fallacy in which it is assumed parts of an item have a particular property because the item as a whole has that property. A) Premise B) Indirect Proof C) Division D) Unrepresentative Sample 8. The fallacious drawing of a conclusion from relevant but insufficient evidence. A) Appeal to Authority B) Hasty Conclusion C) Loyalty D) Middle Term 9. Valid reasoning from justified (warranted) premises that include all likely relevant information. A) Guilt by Association B) Indirect Proof C) Cogent Reasoning D) Contradiction 10. A comparison of one thing to another based on a perceived similarity. A) Indirect Proof B) Analogy C) Two Wrongs Make a Right D) Questionable Cause 11. Is the following argument valid or invalid? If valid, explain whether it is deductive or inductive. If invalid, explain why: âMrs. Kelvin has accused me of intentionally denting her rear fender. I neither confirm nor deny this, however in telling her story she leaves out an important point. As we were both leaving our driveways that morning, I backed onto the street first. She saw this and then deliberately pulled in front of my vehicle as I was preparing to continue down the street. Mrs. Kelvin intended to cut me off, so what happened to her car was entirely her fault.â HTML Editor 12. Is the following argument valid or invalid? If valid, explain whether it is deductive or inductive. If invalid, explain why: âAfter careful consideration, it is the determination of the board that free soda will no longer be provided in the break room. Before making this decision, a survey was distributed amongst all members of the upper management to determine their opinion on the matter. Based on the majority of responses, it was evident that withdrawing the free soda will not have any significant negative effect on morale.â HTML Editor 13. Use of a term in a passage to mean one thing in one place and something else in another. A) Cogent Reasoning B) Superstition C) Equivocation D) Inconsistent

For the 4 arguments shown below, proceed as follows:

Break down the argument. Explicitly identify the component statements (p, q, r, etc.) that make up the argument and show the symbolic form of the argument.

Analyze the argument. Decide whether the argument is valid or invalid by manipulating the premises, if necessary, and eventually recognizing the logical form of the argument (e.g. Modus Ponens, Modus Tollens, Fallacy of the Inverse, etc.)

SHOW ALL YOUR WORK CLEARLY TO RECEIVE MAXIMUM CREDIT.

1. If we evolved a race of pure logicians, that would not be progress; but we have not evolved a race of pure logicians; so that's progress.

2. Homer is a visionary or hes a fool; but hes certainly a fool; so he's not a visionary.

3 If the fossil is an ammonite, then it is from the Crestaceous period. If the fossil is not from the Mesozoic era, then it is not from the Crestaceous period. If the fossil is from the Mesozoic era, then it is at least 65 million years old. Therefore, if the fossil is an ammonite, it is at least 65 million years old.

4. This absurd argument is taken from Lewis Carroll's Symbolic Logic (1896):

Babies are illogical. Nobody is despised who can manage a crocodile. Illogical persons are despised. Hence, babies cannot manage crocodiles.

MODR 1770 Lecture Notes - Inductive Reasoning, Contraposition, Soundness

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