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ACB 221 Lecture Notes - Intrinsic Factor, Epiglottis, Trachea

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School
U of S
Department
Anatomy and Cell Biology
Course
ACB 221
Professor
Keith Russell

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Document Summary

Muscle layers and movement: the digestive tract contains visceral smooth muscle tissue. Being comprised of smooth muscle, the digestive system is under involuntary muscle control. The initial activation stimulus can be from a neighbouring motor neuron, local response to chemicals, hormones, the concentration of o2 and co2, or physical factors such as extreme stretching or irritation. However, smooth muscle can maintain a stretched position without contraction (or until a contraction signal is sent) this ability to tolerate extreme stretching is called plasticity. These smooth muscle cells are electrically connected to one another via gap junctions. Thus, when one visceral smooth muscle cell contracts, the contraction spreads in a wave that travels throughout the tissue: peristalsis. Muscle contractions that create waves along the digestive tract so as to move the bolus (mass of food) along its length this occurs in the esophagus, as well as in the small and large intestines.

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Related Questions

Explain how the structure and function are linked together for the following organs of the digestive system:

1) Mouth

2) Oesophagus

3) Stomach

4) Small intestine

5)Large intestine

6)Rectum

7) Anuss

1. Which organ is responsible for balancing the amount ofglucose floating around in the blood? (it stores excess glucosewhen there is too much and releases glucose into the bloodstreamwhen there isn't enough)

Select one:

a. liver

b. pancreas

c. spleen

d. stomach

2. The gastrointstinal tract has 4 basic layers. Which layer isthe one that comes in contact with the food that you eat?

Select one:

a. serosa

b. submucosa

c. muscularis

d. mucosa

3. Which digestive organ contains 3 layers of muscle tissue inthe muscularis?

Select one:

a. esophagus

b. large intestine

c. stomach

d. anus

4.

The esophagus is the first organ in the digestive tract thatsecretes digestive enzymes to begin the chemical (molecular)breakdown of food.

Select one:

True

False

5.

Gastric ulcers are often caused by bacterial infection.

Select one:

True

False

6.

Lactose intolerance causes gas, bloating and stomach achesbecause undigested sugar molecules, called lactose, end up gettingdigested by bacteria in the intestines. When they digest it, theyproduce lots of gases.

Select one:

True

False

7. The lower esophageal sphincter prevents food in the stomachfrom backing up into the esophagus.

Since the esophagus is not equipped to handle the harsh acids inthe stomach, when food (mixed with stomach acids) does back up intothe esophagus, you get symptoms such as heart burn. This is calledgastroesophageal reflux (or "reflux").

When reflux is left untreated for many years, the person becomesa trisk for esophageal cancer. This is because the esophagus gets"burned" by the acids over and over again which can eventuallytrigger the development of cancerous cells.

Select one:

True

False

8.

Peristalsis is defined as the rhythmic contractions of thedigestive system that pushes food along the digestive tract.

Select one:

True

False

The GI track is composed of many organs and structures that store, digest, move and expel food. Each segment has a specific functions, structural modifications have been made to the digestive system. Identify at least two organs in the digestive system which have been modified- identify the organ, the modification and the function performed. What do you think the impact on digestion and the body would be if either the stomach. small intestine or large intestine had to be fully or partially removed?