BCH210H1 Chapter Notes -Convergent Evolution, Synapomorphy, Sperm Competition

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19 Oct 2012

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BCH210H1 Full Course Notes

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Biob51 reading 2 [page 40, 41: figure 2. 3] lecture 3 reading. This bar graph shows that the soapberry bugs found in nature on flat podded golden rain trees have in average shorter breaks than bugs found on balloon vines. The balloon vine is native to southern florida, while the flat podded golden rain tree is from asia during the year 1920. The data below the x axis show the mean beak length of bugs reared in the lab on fruits from the balloon vine vs. flat podded golden rain tree. The scatter plot shows the beak lengths of female soapberry bugs from florida in museum collections [each data point represents one individual]. [page 42, 43; other examples] lecture 3 & 4 reading. Vestigial structure: useless version of a body part that has an important function in other species. Brown kiwi a flightless bird; tiny short wings.

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3. Some Caminalcules went extinct without leaving descendents. In the real world, what intrinsic factors (i.e., related to an organismâs basic reproductive biology, population biology, ecological niche, etc.) or extrinsic factors (e.g., ecological/environmental factors) might increase or decrease the probability of a species going extinct? PLEASE DO NOT REFER TO HUMAN-CAUSED EXTINCTIONS IN YOUR ANSWER.

4. Find two additional examples of convergent evolution among the modern-day Caminalcules. This means finding cases where two or more species have a similar characteristic that evolved

independently in each lineage. The wing of bats, birds and bees is an example of

convergence since the three groups did not inherit the characteristic from their common

ancestor. Write your answers in complete sentences (e.g.,âSpecies x and y both have ____

but their most recent common ancestor, z, did notâ). List two additional real-world examples

of convergent evolution (ones that we have not already talked about in class) and discuss

what might have caused the convergence.

5. a. Describe two examples of vestigial structures that you can find among the

Caminalcules. These are structures that have been reduced to the point that they are

virtually useless. Ear muscles and the tailbones are examples of vestigial structures in our

own species.

b. Explain how vestigial structures provide clues about a speciesâ evolutionary past.

Illustrate your argument with vestigial structures found in humans or other real species.

Kindly answer question 3 to 5 thank you.

apricotmallard604

1. What is the difference between the different patternsof selection: directional, stabilizing, anddiversifying?

2. How do bacteria acquire genetic variation and how doesthat differ from the mechanism by which humans acquirevariation?

3. What were the key observations made by Darwin todevelop the basic tenants of the theory of evolution? Has thistheory been tested?

4. What are the most common misconceptions about evolutionand why are they not valid arguments against evolution?

5. The key component of the theory of evolution is naturalselection. Define this process. Why is it commonly known asâsurvival of the fittestâ? What are examples of factors (selectivepressures) that drive evolution of populations?

6. What is the indirect evidence of evolution? What arehomologous and analogous structures? What is convergent evolution?How does similarity of proteins between different species supportthe idea of evolution?

7. Be able to explain why the following statement is true:Natural Selection works on individuals while evolution works onpopulations over generations. Or to put it another way: Individualsdo not evolve, populations do.

8. How can evolution explain the formation of complexstructures such as the eye or the flagella motor?

9. What causes variation in a species? To put this anotherway: all humans have the same genes, yet we do not look alike. Whatis the reason fro the phenotypic differences between individuals ofthe same species? What is genetic recombination?

10. What are the dangers of small populations of a speciesfrom a genetic and evolutionary standpoint? What is the bottleneckeffect?

11. How does speciation occur? What is the importance ofgeographic isolation? How is this illustrated in theGalapagos?

12. What is Darwinian Medicine and how does it help usbetter understand medical conditions?

carminegnu677

1/ What is the difference between the different patterns ofselection: directional, stabilizing, anddiversifying?

2/ How do bacteria acquire genetic variation and how does thatdiffer from the mechanism by which humans acquire variation?

3/ What were the key observations made by Darwin to develop thebasic tenants of the theory of evolution? Has thistheory been tested?

4/ What are the most common misconceptionsabout evolution and why are they not valid arguments againstevolution?

5/ The key component of the theory of evolution isnatural selection. Define this process. Why is itcommonly known as âsurvival of the fittestâ? What are examples offactors (selective pressures) that drive evolutionof populations?

6/ What is the indirect evidence of evolution? What arehomologous and analogousstructures? What is convergent evolution?How does similarity of proteins between different species supportthe idea of evolution?

7/ Be able to explain why the following statement is true:Natural Selection works on individuals while evolution works onpopulations over generations. Or to put it another way: Individualsdo not evolve, populations do.

8/ How can evolution explain theformation of complex structures such as the eye or the flagellamotor?

9/ What causes variation in a species? To putthis another way: all humans have the same genes, yet we do notlook alike. What is the reason for the phenotypicdifferences between individuals of the same species? What isgenetic recombination?

10/ What are the dangers of small populations of a species froma genetic and evolutionary standpoint? What is thebottleneck effect?

11. How does speciation occur? What is theimportance of geographic isolation? How is thisillustrated in the Galapagos?

12. What is Darwinian Medicine and how does ithelp us better understand medical conditions?

copperhornet769

BCH210H1 Chapter Notes -Convergent Evolution, Synapomorphy, Sperm Competition

BCH210H1 Full Course Notes

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