PSY270H1 Chapter Notes - Chapter 4: Inattentional Blindness, Change Blindness, Master Sergeant
â˘Attention: the ability to focus on a specific stimuli or locations
oPurpose:
îSelect important items in the environment for further processing while ignoring items of less importance
îTo facilitate reactions to events/situations
îInvolves both automatic and controlled processes
îResponse influenced by various factors (i.e. stimulus/response compatibility)
oTypes:
îSustained (vigilance) attention: continuously monitoring an environment to detect target signals (change)
îSelective (focused): focusing on one element and ignoring others; visual and auditory metaphors complement each other
Auditory â filter metaphorVisual â location based: spotlight, zoom lens; object based: glue
îDichotic listening:
M: required to attend to one message and ignore the other; the attended
message must be âshadowedâ â repeated
R: participants could not report the content of the message in unattended
ear but knew there was a message and the gender of the speaker; however,
unattended ear is being processed at some level (i.e. cocktail party effect,
change in gender noticed, change in tone noticed)
îEarly selection model (Broadbentâs filter model):
(1)Bottleneck model: filter restricts info flow; filter restricts the large
amount of info available to a person so that only some of this info
gets through to the detector
(2)Filters message before incoming information is analyzed for
meaning
îSpotlight metaphor:
omovable, having a small fixed diameter, cannot be divided
oThe âspotlightâ is internal (or covert) : the âspotlightâ location can be
different from where your eyes are fixated
oLocation based attention: how attention is directed to a specific
location or place
oPosnerâs cuing paradigm is evidence:
(1)Covert attention based on precuing â participant presented
with a cute that indicates where a stimulus is most likely to
appear
(2)M: fixate in the middle; the spatial cute is presented briefly
(valid, invalid, neutral); respond to target ASAP (reaction time
measured)
(3)R: observers reacted more rapidly on valid trails than on invalid
trials
(4)C: information processing more effected at the place where
attention is directed
îZoom Lens Metaphor:
oCan flexibly change the width of focus
oLaBergeâs study on wide vs. narrow focus
îGlue Metaphor:
oObject based attention: directed to one place on an object the
enhancing effect of this attention spreads throughout the object
oAssociated with Treismanâs feature integration theory
oAttention as a âbindingâ mechanism
oAttention âglues togetherâ multiple features of objects
oConjunctive vs. feature search - single feature search = looking for
something different from a whole bunch of similar things (black vs.
white circles); conjoint search = looking for something different from
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